neuro ana maam kat

• facial cilliculus

  nerve that carries sensory information from the face to the brain
• trigeminal nuclei

  cranial number 5 (trigeminal)
• pons

  responsible for consciousness
• locked-in syndrome

  lesion in pons occulomotor
• lower pons

  upper pons


  RESPIRATION
• Pneumotaxic center

  promotes expiration and controls rate and depth of respiration, upper pons
• apneustic center

  inspiration
• basal ganglia is part of the extrapyramidal tract
• thalamus is relay station between sensory input from spinal cord to cortex
• MEDULLA OBLONGATA

  primary respiratory center; involuntary respiration; vaso motor center (BP and heart rate); emetic center (vomiting center); coughing reflex, sneezing and yawning
• RIGHT C4

  right side of the body have motor loss and Fx; right motor propriception and left pain and temp
• DIRECT PATHWAY

  agonist (prime motor) GPI
• ANATOMICAL

  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
• FUNCTIONAL

  • straitum
  • subtansya nigra pars compacta
• THALAMUS

  sends signals
• BROADMAN AREA 4

  receives stimulation and sends motor signals to corticospinal
• INDERECT PATHWAY

  antagonist; does not fascilitates movement in would inhibit
• CHOREA

  rapid jerks
• ATHETOSIS

  SLOW MOVEMENT
• Spinal cord pathways


  • Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway
  • Cuneate fasciculus
  • Fasciculus gracilis
  • Spinocerebellar tracts
  • Posterior spinocerebellar tract
  • Ventral spinocerebellar tract
  • Anterolateral spinothalamic tracts
  • Lateral spinothalamic tract
  • Anterior spinothalamic tract
  • Spino-olivary tract
  • Pyramidal tracts
  • Lateral corticospinal tract
  • Anterior corticospinal tract
  • Extrapyramidal tracts
  • Reticulospinal tract
  • Rubrospinal tract
  • Vestibulospinal tract
  • Olivospinal tract
• Brown-Séquard syndrome


  • Below the lesion: ipsilateral motor paralysis; ipsilateral loss of proprioception, two point discrimination and vibration sense; contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation.
• Anterior cord syndrome


  • Below the lesion: bilateral motor paralysis; bilateral loss of pain, temperature and light touch sensation; bilateral preservation of proprioception and vibration sensation.
• Posterior cord syndrome


  • Below the lesion: intact motor function; bilateral loss of pain of proprioception, vibration, fine touch and two-point discrimination sensation.
• Central cord syndrome


  • Below the lesion: bilateral motor paralysis with sacral sparing and lower limb weakness < upper limb weakness; bilateral loss of pain, temperature and light touch sensation
• Afferent (input) fibers to the striatum

  • Corticostriate
  • Thalamostriate
  • Nigrostriate
  • Other
• Corticostriate fibers


  Origin: Sensory cortex (Brodmann's areas 3, 1 and 2), Primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4), Premotor cortex (Brodmann's area 6), Supplementary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 6), Frontal eye field association areas of cerebral cortex

  Termination: Putamen

  Neurotransmitter: Glutamate (excitatory) or Aspartate (excitatory)
• Thalamostriate fibers


  Origin: Intralaminal nuclei of the thalamus, Centromedian nucleus, Parafascicular nucleus, Ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei of the thalamus

  Termination: Caudate nucleus, Caudate nucleus and putamen

  Neurotransmitter: Glutamate (excitatory)
• Nigrostriate fibers


  Origin: Substantia nigra

  Termination: Caudate nucleus and putamen

  Neurotransmitter: Dopamine (inhibitory)
• Other fibers


  Origin: Ventral tegmental area (VTA), Ventral striatum, Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN)

  Termination: Caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus

  Neurotransmitter: Dopamine (inhibitory), Serotonin (inhibitory)
• Nigrostriate structures


  • Substantia nigra
  • Pars compacta
  • Pars reticulata
  • Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
  • Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN)
• CIRCLE OF WILLIS is the Cerebral Arterial Circle
• Circle of Willis


  • Middle Cererbral Artery
  • Anterior Communicating Artery
  • Anterior Cerebral Artery
  • Ophthalmic Artery
  • Posterior Communicating Artery
  • Pontine Arteries
  • Internal Carotid Artery
  • Anterior Choroidal Artery
  • Posterior Anterior Spinal Artery
  • Superior Cerebellar Artery
  • Basilar Artery
  • Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
  • Vertebral Artery
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
• Caudate nucleus and putamen

  Dopamine (inhibitory)
• Ventral striatum


  • Caudate nucleus, putamen, pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus
  • Dopamine (inhibitory)
  • Serotonin (inhibitory)
• Cerebellar zones


  • Vermal (median)
  • Paravermal (intermediate)
  • Hemispheric (lateral)
• Cerebellar zones


  Composed of cortex, white matter, and the associated deep cerebellar nucleus (or nuclei)
• Cerebral Arterial Circle


  • Right Internal Carotid
  • Basilar
  • Left Internal Carotid
  • Right Common Carotid
  • Right Vertebral
  • Left Vertebral
  • Right Subclavian
  • Brachiocephalic
  • Aortic Arch
  • Left Subclavian
  • Left Common Carotid
• Cerebellar lobes


  • Anterior (Paleocerebellum, Spinocerebellum)
  • Posterior (middle) (Neocerebellum, Flocculonodular, Archicerebellum, Cerebrocerebellum, Pontocerebellum)
  • Vestibulocerebellum
• Cerebellum


  Little brain
• Cerebellum


  • Composed of two cerebellar hemispheres and the intervening vermis
  • Surface displays alternating slender parallel elevations (ridges) known as folia and depressions (grooves) known as sulci
  • Connected to the dorsal aspect of the brainstem by three pairs of prominent fiber bundles, the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar peduncles
  • Has an outer rim of gray matter, the cortex, an inner core of nerve fibers, the medullary white matter, and the deep cerebellar nuclei located within the white matter
  • Cortex and white matter are easily distinguished in a midsagittal section, where the white matter arborizes, forming the core of what appears to be a tree-like architecture, known as the arbor vitae
  • Cortex is a three-layered structure: molecular layer, Purkinje layer, and granular layer