L&P experimental research method and standardised procedures
Strong in terms of reliability
Scientific and objective as in a lab under controlled conditions
Procedures were consistent - standardised
L&P experimental research method
Weak in terms of external validity
Not representative of real life
Completed in lab, so not valid view of real accident
Not the same emotional response
Yuille and Cutshall research
Interviewed people 4 months after witnessing a real armed robbery
Included two leading questions
Witnesses gave an accurate recall that matched their earlier reports
L&P research
Problematic in terms of sampling
Age and culture bias - US college students, likely non drivers
May not relate to some cultures
Social desirability
L&P research
Problematic in terms of data
Only quantitative data
Findings from experiment 1, that people are not good at estimating speed
In line with past research from Marshall (who tested on Air Force personnel), increasing academic credibility (suggesting reliability of results)
Carmichael's research
Supports Loftus' study by showing that a verbal label will shape the way a memory of a drawing is stored and consequently recalled
Consent was valid but not entirely informed (impossible to test experiment aims if fully informed)
Deception was used but was not harmful. Participants were unaware of leading questions as it would bias the experiment. However, no debrief was given after
No physical or psychological harm was done, as the clips were taken from a drivers education program
Criminal justice system
ewt not 100% reliable therefore no leading questions should be asked in court and should not purely rely on EWT