Practical Research
Cards (137)
- Is a scientific method of observation to gather non-numerical data. It refers to the meanings, concepts, characteristics, metaphors, symbols and description of phenomena, and not to their counts or measures.
- Is an approach to philosophy and not specifically a method of inquiry; this has often been misunderstood. It is first and foremost philosophy, the approach employed to pursue a particular study should emerge from the philosophical implications inherent in the question.
- It is the direct description of a group, culture or community. Nevertheless, the meaning of the word ethnography can be ambiguous; it ia an overall term for a number of approaches. Sometimes researchers use it as synonymous with qualitative research in general, while at other times it´s meaning is more specific.
- It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in the data collected by the researcher. It is a research methodology for discovering theory in a substantive area.
- It is used for a research approach with specific boundaries and can be both qualitative and quantitative. In addition, it is an entity studied as asingle unit, and it has clear confines and a specific focus and is bound to context.
- Immersion in the details and specifics of the data to discover important categories, dimensions and interrelationships; begin by exploring genuinely open questions rather than testing theoretically derived (deductive) hypotheses.
- The whole phenomenon under study is understood as a complex system that is more than the sum of its parts; focus is on complex interdependencies not meaningfully reduced to a few discete variables and linear, cause-effect relationships.
- Detailed, thick description; inquiry in depth; direct quotations capturing people´s personal perspectives and experiences.
- The researcher has direct contact with and gets close to the people, situation and phenomenon under study; researcher´s personal experiences and insights are important partof the inquiry and critical to understanding the phenomenon.
- Attention to process; assumes change is constantand ongoing whether the focus is onan individual or an entire culture.
- Assumes each case is special and unique; the first level of inquiry is being true to, respecting, and capturing the details of the individual cases being studied; cross-case analysis follows from and depends on the quality of individual case studies.
- Places findings in a social,historical, and temporal context; dubious of the possibility or meaningfulness of generalization across time and space.
- Open to adapting inquiry as understanding deepens and/or situations change; avoids getting locked into rigid designs that eliminate responsiveness; pursues new paths of discovery as they emerge.
- Complete objectivity is impossible; pure subjectivity undermines credibility; the researcher´s passion is understanding the world inall its complexibility-not proving something, not advocating, not advancing personal agenda, but understanding.
- Studying real-world situations as they unfold naturally; non-manipulative, unobtrusive, and non-controlling; openness to whatever emerges_lack of predetermined constraints on outcomes.
- They are moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of human behaviour and are regularly protected as natural and legal rights. They constitute a set of rights and duties necessary for the protection of human dignity, inherent all human beings.
- It protects creations of the mind, which have both a moral and commercial value.
- It is the use or production of copyright-protected material without permission of the copyright holder.
- to participate.
- It is the protection of people´s identity through not disclosing their name or not exposing their identity.
- It is someone´s right to keep his personal matters and relationships secret. It is the ability of an individual to seclude him from disturbance of any research activity.
- This is required to secure in order to protect the rights of the participants in your study.
- It reports data, results, methods and procudures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify and misinterpret the data.
- Avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony and other aspects of esearch.
- Keep your promises and agreements; actwith sincerity; strive for consistencyof thought and action.
- Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your work and the work of peers. Keep good records of research activities.
- Share data, results, ideas, tools and resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
- Honour patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets and other forms of intellectual property.Do not use published or unpublished data, methods, or results without permission.
- Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient recods.
- Help to educate, mentor, and advise others. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own desicions.
- Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
- Respect your colleagues opnions, treat them fairly anddo not outsmart others.
- Strive to promote social acceptance and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education and advocacy.
- Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex,race, ethnicity, or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
- Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science a s a whole.
- Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and government policies.
- Show proper respect and care for animals when using the in research
- When conducting a research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.
- People know that you´re watching them