General knowledge

• starch


  Iodine

  orange to black
• sugars


  benedict solutions

  blue to orange
• proteins


  biurets agent

  blue to purple
• lipids


  turns cold

  ethenol cloudy
• Two catholic beliefs about trinity in the nicene creed

  • ‘I believe in one god’
  • Holy spirit is equal to both the father and the son. ‘Proceeds from the father’
• Two beliefs from the second vatican council

  • Dei Verbum- Bible should be taken seriously but it is not literally true, only figuratively.
  • Lumen Gentium- All members of the church have an important role to play. “
  • The college or body of bishops has no authority unless it is under-stood together with the Roman Pontiff”
• Source and summit of christian life

  • Summit: high point of christians life so it remembers his sacrifice. Jesus’ death was the highest form of prayer, so it remembers the most important even in christian history
  • Source- Body and blood give life to the soul. Mass on sunday is a perfect way to keep the sabbath Holy.
• Acting ethically


  Enchance reputation; leading to increased brand loyalty and therefore repeat sales- futhermore this loyalty may reduce sensitivity to price changes; therefore a higher price can be charged; this may increase revenue.
• What might higher costs lead to

  a business increasing prices, which may reduce its price competitiveness to rivals; this may lead to lower sales and therefore revenue.
• what is the quote about fred

  “fred had so heated himself with the rapid walking in the frog and frost, this nephew of scrooge’s that he was all in glow; his face was ruddy and handsome: his eyes sparkled and his breath smoked again.

  Dickens uses the contrast of warm and cold to show fred is warm; he is glowing like a fire and had breath that smoked- connotations of warmth. Family is warm and positive.
• Electrolysis


  Ions move towards the electrode where they react and the compound decomposes
• positive ions

  • Positive ions
  • negative cathode -
  • gain electrons/reduced
• Negative ions

  • Positive cathode+
  • Lose electrons/ are oxisidesd
• metal ions in electrolyis

  metal ions are positive, so are reduced to the element of the cathode.
• spongey mesophyll


  Gaps to facillitate gas exchange (large surface area)
• Aron Hauedesh


  Cabiner where Torah Scrolls are kep
• Ner tamid

  Ever burning light - Symbolising God’s presence
• Bimar


  Raised platform where Toran is
• Tefillin


  Small leather boxes containing extracts from the torah
• Amidah- standing cenetral prayer in jewish worship
• Preparing an onion slide


  1. Drop water to a clean slide

  2. Cut up an onion and separate into layers

  3. Use tweezers to peel off epidermal tissue

  4. Add iodine solution (stain)

  5. Place coverslip on top

  6. Avoid air bubbles
• Observing the onion slide under a microscope

  1. Clip prepared slide onto the stage

  2. Select lowest-powered objective lens

  3. Use coarse adjustment knob to move stage below objective lens

  4. Look down eyepiece and use fine adjustment knob until in rough focus

  5. Swap to higher-powered objective lens if need greater magnification
• White light placed at specific distance from the pandweed


  Pandweed is less able to photosynthesise for a set amount of time
• Measuring oxygen production in pandweed


  1. Oxygen collected in capillary tube

  2. Oxygen bubble drawn up and gas volume measured
• Repeating pandweed experiment


  1. Experiment repeated twice with light source at same distance

  2. Mean volume of oxygen calculated
• Repeating pandweed experiment at different distances


  Experiment repeated at different distances from the pandweed
• Investigating osmosis in potato cylinders


  1. Cut potato into identical cylinders

  2. Place in beakers with different sugar solutions (pure water and concentrated sugar solution)

  3. Measure mass of cylinders before and after 24 hours

  4. Cylinders that have drawn in water by osmosis will have increased mass
• Dependent variable


  Chip mass
• Independent variable


  Concentration of sugar solution
• Excess water from incomplete drying or evaporation from beakers would affect the results
• Investigating amylase enzyme activity


  1. Add drop of iodine solution to each reaction tube

  2. Heat water to 26°C over Bunsen burner

  3. Add 1cm3 amylase solution and 1cm3 buffer solution to boiling tube

  4. Add 5cm3 starch solution

  5. Mix immediately and start stopwatch

  6. Record time taken for starch to be broken down

  7. Repeat with buffer solutions of different pH values
• Control variables


  Enzyme concentration and volume