Psychological problems

• What is meant by unipolar depression?

  a type of mood disorder causing period of feeling sad and lacking motivation
• Name 3 symptoms of unipolar depression:

  feeling suicidal

  lack of self esteem

  poor sleep
• How many symptoms are displayed when a patient has mild depression?

  4 symptoms
• How many symptoms are displayed when a person has moderate depression?

  Five or six
• How many symptoms are displayed when a person has severe depression?

  7+
• Name a genetic factoraffecting depression


  serotonin levels
• What did beck believe about a persons thinking when suffering from depressio?

  their thinking changes in tree ways:

  •negative view of the self

  •negative view of the future

  •negative view of the world
• what did ellis’s ABC model suggest?

  that there are three stages that might cause a person to develop depression
• What are the tree stages of ellis’s ABC model?

  activating event

  beliefs

  consequences
• Name a strength and a weakness of the CTE

  Strength: takes into account someone’s personal life and can be applied to CBT

  weakness: it is difficult to tell whether irrational thought are a clause of deprEdison
• What is the aim of CBT?

  to help the patient change the way they think

  to help the patrons change the way they act to improve symptoms
• Explain the 2 stages of CBT in the attempt to challenge depression

  first stage: • patient will discuss all their symptoms with their therapist

  second stage: • this involves challenging these irrational ways of thinking So that a patient can replace their irrational thoughts
• Name a strength and a weakness of CBT


  STRENGTH: there is evidence to suggest it is effective

  WEAKNESS: patients relaying how they feel may lead them into lack of motivation as they are becoming aware of their symptoms
• name 3 types of antidepressants (drugs)

  •SSRIs

  •SNRIs

  •MAOIs
• What is meant by reuptake? 


  The process which neurons Reabsorb neurotransmitters
• What do SSRIs do?

  Block the reuptake of Sheraton in which means that serotonin is avalable for longer
• What do SNRIs do?

  They block reuptake of both seratonin and noradrenaline
• what do MAOIs do?

  breaks down seratonin after they have been released
• name 2 weaknesses of drug therapy

  placebo affect

  relapse
• What meant by a relapse? 


  a return of symptoms after treatment has been given
• Name a strength of drug Therapy


  it can improve a patients symptoms
• What is addiction?


  a mental health problem that means people desire a particular thing.
• What is meant by withdrawal?

  a set of unpleasant physical or psychological symptoms someone gets when they can’t satisfy their addiction
• Name there features of addiction

  •A feeling that the person needs to take the substance

  •ignoring the harms of the substance and still taking it

  • stopping the use of substance is difficult
• Symptoms of behavioural addiction 


  •they need to do the activity regularly

  •reducing the activity is very difficult
• How has Addiction overtime changed?

  •internet addiction has been introduced such as gambling and videogames
• Affects of addiction in society:

  •a person may ignore their family and not do the things they used to do

  • it may affects society’s workplace as some people may not show for work

  •NHS costs increase to £488 million
• Who condicted the twin studies when examining addiction?

  Carmelli
• What did carmelli find?

  in monozygotic twins, if one was a smoker there would be a high chance that The other one would be too
• Who studies adopted children when incestigating addiction?

  Goodwin
• Goodwin found….


  adoptive children who at least had one biological parent with an alcohol addiction they were likely to show acohol addiction themselves
• What gene has been shown to be related to developing addiction?

  DDR2 gene
• What does this gene effect?

  The brains reaction to pleasurable activities
• name a strength and a weakness of 5

  the genetic explanation

  •strength: lots of scientific evidence to support it and it would explain why some people are so prone to becoming addicts

  weakness: fails to take into account social factors
• What is classical conditioning?

  learning by associations
• What is operant conditioning?

  Learning via the consequences of actions
• What is the social learning theory?

  Behaviour learnt through observations
• Strength and weakness of learning theory as an explanation of addiction


  STRENGTH: bu assuming addictions are learnt means that behavio urs can also be unlearnt
• What is meant by functional analysis?

  the first stage of CBT to treat addiction
• What is meant by skills training?

  the second stage of CBT to treat addiction