Memory

• What are the 3 stages of memory and information processing?

  •input

  •encoding

  •output
• What happens in the stage of input?

  receiving sensory info that we receive from our environment
• What happens in the stage of encoding?

  sensory info is turned into a form that can be stored in the brain
• What Are The 3 types of encoding

  •acoustic encoding- holding sound info

  •visual Encoding- holding images

  •semantic encoding- holding the meaning of info
• What happens in the stage of output?


  information that we recall, specifiscally the behavioural response
• What is meant by the short term memory? 


  Our initial memory store that is temporary and limited
• What is the long term memory store? 


  A memory store that holds info for potentially a lifetime
• You can forget things in the short term memory due to…..

  •displacement

  •interference
• What is displacement?


  When new incoming info pus out older info as we exceed the limit of the STM
• What is meant by interferene?


  when new info overwrites old info
• The short term memory holda hoe much info? (capacity) 


  Around seven bits of information
• The long term memory hold how much info? (capacity)

  potentially limitless
• What is the duration of the stm?

  Around 18 seconds
• what is the duration of the LTM?

  A few minutes to a lifetime
• What sort of encoding does the STM and the LTM have?

  •acoustic (short)

  •mainly semantic(long)
• Define amnesia: 


  memory loss often through an accident
• Define anterograde amnesia 


  A memory condition due to an accident where new memories cannot be made
• Define Retrograde amnesia


  a memory condition caused by a brain injury that effects the recall of a memory
• what is meant by active reconstruction?


  a memory that is not an exact copy of what we experienced, but instead an interpretation
• What is meant by a schema? 


  a packet of knowledge gathered by an individual through events, people or places
• according to someone schemas are build through life experiences, who proposed this?

  Bartlett
• What did Bartlett find about recall 


  •omissions

  •transformations

  •familiarisation

  •rationalisation
• What is meant by an omission? 


  When we leave out unfamiliar irrelevant details
• What is meant by transformation?

  When details are changed to make them more familiar
• What is meant by familiarisation? 


  when unfamiliar details are changed to align with our own schema
• What is meant by rationalisation? 


  when we add details into our recall which matches with our schema
• A strength to bartletts theory is…

  Is has real world practical application, because of this police use a technique called cognitive interview
• What is a cognitive interview? 


  a police interview designed to ensure a witness to a crime does to actively reconstruct their memory
• A weakeness to this is…

  it lacks ecological validity
• What is ecological validity? 


  The extent to which the findings still explain the behavipurs in different situations
• Bartletts findinga we’re also….

  subjective which is unscientific
• What is meant by subjective?

  subjective means when something is based of an opinion and feeling of your own
• define reductionism 


  The theory of explaining something according to its basic parts
• Why do scientists take a reductionist approach?


  breaking things down into basic parts enables scientists to be more certain on why one thing can cause another thing
• Define holism


  the theory of explaining something as a whole
• Why do scientist use a holistic approach? 


  To try and understand a whole person as it divides different factors and hat work together to perform a behaviour