CHAPTER 3.2

• In the round


  A separate, detached object in its own right, leading the same kind of independent existence in space as a human body or a chair
• Relief


  Does not have the kind of independence as an in the round sculpture
• Sculptural Techniques


  • Subtractive
  • Additive
  • Stone
  • Wood
  • Terra Cotta
  • Bronze
  • Casting
• Subtractive


  The process of cutting away from a block of wood or stone and gradually revealing the desired shape
• Additive


  The method of clay modeler who adds lumps of clay to a core and works out the desired shape
• Stone carving


  An ancient activity where pieces of rough natural stone are shaped by the controlled removal of stone because of its permanence as material the earliest societies indulged in some form of stone work
• Wood


  A form of working wood by means of a cutting tool held in hand, resulting in a wooden figure or figurine or in the sculptural ornamentation of a wooden object
• Terra Cotta


  The clay is shaped, glazed and baked
• Bronze


  The most popular metal for cast metal sculptures. Common bronze alloy has the unusual and desirable property of expanding slightly just before they set, thus filling the finest details of a mold
• Casting


  A manufacturing process by which a liquid material is poured into a mold, which contains a hallow cavity of the desired shape and allowed to solidify
• Types of Sculpture


  • Pictorial Sculpture
  • Sculpturesque
  • Built-up Sculpture
• Pictorial Sculpture


  The artist, like a painter, is more concerned with details than anything else
• Sculpturesque


  The artist is more concerned with the materials used, its strength and solidity, its surface quality, and its tactile value
• Built-up Sculpture


  The artist is as much concerned with the materials used as well as with details. Examples "pieta" and "laocon"
• Applied arts


  A broad subject area that combines aesthetics, design, consumer need, and finding practical solutions to problems. It is an area in which design and decoration come together to create objects and ideas that are both useful and beautiful
• Architecture


  The art of designing structure. Architectural styles emerged from evolution of techniques and styles particular to a culture in a given time period. The term does not only include structural designs that have slowly evolved through the ages, but also those that originated from no particular designer
• Greek Architecture


  • Cretan Period "Palace of Knossos"
  • Mycenaean Period "Cyclopean Walls"
  • Classic Greek "Acropolis"
• Doric Order


  No base, simple capital and grooved shaft. It was more formal and austere most surviving Greek buildings such as the PARTHENON and the TEMPLE OF HEPHAESTUS
• Ionic Order


  With base scrolled capital and grooved shaft is more relaxed and decorative. The ERECHTHEUM and small temple of ATHENA NIKEI on ACROPOLIS are iconic
• Corinthian Order


  With base, acanthus-leafed capital and fluted shaft, more ornate
• Roman Architecture


  The romans were the first to use bricks and cement and were able to develop a variety of architect are that can be seen in-their public buildings: The Coliseum, basilicas (Pantheon), arches (the Arch of Titus), Aqueducts (Nimes), and amphitheaters. The romans widely employed, and further developed, the ARCH, VAULT, and DOME, all of which were little used, particularly in Europe. Their innovative use of Roman concrete facilitated the building of the many public buildings of often unprecedented size throughout the empire
• Tuscan Order


  Done capital with base and plain shaft
• Composite Order


  Combined Ionic Corinthian capital, with base and fluted shaft
• Byzantine Architecture


  This is an architectural style that originated circa 4th and 5th century Byzantium. The dome supported on pendentives was in widespread use, a typical feature found in practically all byzantine churches was the iconostasis, and the floor plan was based on the Greek cross
• Romanesque Architecture


  The word "ROMANSQUE" meaning descended from Roman was first used in English to designate what are now called ROMANCE LANGUAGES The term was first applied in French by the Archaeologist CHARLES de GERVILLE or his associate ARCISSE de CAUMONT, in the early 19th century, to describe Westem European architecture from the 5 to the 13th centuries
• Gothic Architecture


  Gothic is a style of architecture developed in Western Europe between 12- 16th centuries, characterized by the used of ribbed vault, flying buttresses, pointed arches, steep roofs etc. There is an emphasis on the vertical, with galleries and arcades replacing internal walls and extensive used of glass
• Basic Shape of Gothic Arches and Stylistic Characters

  • Lancet Arch
  • Equilateral Arch
  • Flamboyant Arch
  • Depressed Arch
• Renaissance Architecture


  The Renaissance period (15 and 10 centuries) is characterized by the adaptation of classical order and design, particularly Roman, It has a harmonious repetition of details. The use of horizontal ines and delicate carvings The mood is worldly with anstocratic balance
• Architectural Planning


  • Orientation
  • Design
  • Fenestration
  • Walls
  • Color
  • Material and Techniques
• Orientation


  The control of the effects of sun, wind and rainfall
• Design


  The modification of the effects of the natural forces. For example, porches, eaves, roofs, etc
• Fenestration


  Control and distribution of windows for light, ventilation and heating
• Walls


  Insulation and heating control
• Color


  Should be chosen for the practical and expressive qualities; reflection and absorption of light
• Material and Techniques


  Depend on the nature of the material used and the intention for them
• SCULPTURE

  In the round is a separate, detached object in its own right, leading the same kind of independent existence in space as a human body or a chair. A relief does not have this kind of independence.
• ARCHITECTURE

  Is the art of designing structure Architectural styles emerged from evolution of techniques and styles particular to a culture in a given time period. The term does not only include structural designs that have slowly evolved through the ages, but also those that originated from no particular designer.
• GREEK ARCHITECTURE

  The Ancient Greeks had a unique style of architecture that is still copied today in government buildings and major monuments throughout the world. Greek architecture is known for tall columns, intricate detail, symmetry, harmony, and balance. The Greeks built all sorts of buildings. The main examples of Greek architecture that survive today are the large temples that they built to their gods.
• Stanza


  Group of lines sharing the same idea or subject, akin to a paragraph in prose
• Stanza


  • Can be subdivided based on the number of lines it contains
  • Determines the length and emphasis of a line in poetry