I/O Finals

• Industrial/organizational psychology


  A branch of psychology that applies the principles of psychology to the workplace
• Rucci (2008): 'To enhance the dignity and performance of human beings, and the organizations they work in, by advancing the science and knowledge of human behavior'
• Principles used in I/O psychology

  • Learning
  • Social psychology
  • Motivation
  • Emotion
• Major fields of I/O psychology

  • Industrial approach
  • Organizational approach
  • Personnel psychology
  • Organizational psychology
  • Human factors/ergonomics
• Industrial approach


  Focuses on determining the competencies needed to perform a job, staffing the organization with employees who have those competencies, and increasing those competencies through training
• Organizational approach


  Creates an organizational structure and culture that will motivate employees to perform well, give them with the necessary information to do their jobs, and provide working conditions that are safe and result in an enjoyable and satisfying work environment
• Personnel psychology


  Deals with analyzing jobs, recruiting applicants, selecting employees, determining salary levels, training employees, and evaluating employee performance
• Organizational psychology


  Concerned with the issues of leadership, job satisfaction, employee motivation, organizational communication, conflict management, organizational change, and group processes within an organization
• Human factors/ergonomics


  Concentrate on workplace design, human-machine interaction, ergonomics, and physical fatigue and stress
• Walter Dill Scott wrote The Theory of Advertising, in which psychology was first applied to business


  1903
• Walter Dill Scott published Increasing Human Efficiency in Business


  1911
• The term "industrial psychology" was seldom used prior to World War I. Instead, the common terms for the field were "economic psychology," "business psychology," and "employment psychology"
• Journal of Applied Psychology first published

  1917
• World War I provides I/O psychologists with the first opportunity for large-scale employee testing and selection

  1918
• John Watson, who is better known as a pioneer in behaviorism, served as a major in the U.S. Army in World War I and developed perceptual and motor tests for potential pilots
• Henry Gantt were responsible for increasing the efficiency with which cargo ships were built, repaired, and loaded
• Thomas A. Edison created a 150-item knowledge test that he administered to over 900 applicants
• First Ph.D. in I/O psychology awarded to Bruce Moore and Merrill Ream at Carnegie Tech


  1921
• First I/O text written by Morris Viteles


  1932
• Hawthorne studies were published, conducted at the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company in the Chicago area, demonstrated that the interpersonal interactions between managers and employees played a tremendous role in employee behaviour


  1933
• American Association for Applied Psychology established

  1937
• Society for Industrial and Business Psychology established as Division 14 of APA with 130 members


  1945
• Marion Bills elected as first woman president of Division 14


  1951
• Division 14 renamed as Society for Industrial Psychology, membership exceeds 700


  1960
• Equal Pay Act passed

  1963
• Civil Rights Act passed. First issue of The Industrial- Organizational Psychologist (TIP) published


  1964
• Division 14 membership exceeds 1,100


  1970
• B.F. Skinner publishes Beyond Freedom and Dignity


  1971
• Division 14 membership exceeds 1,800


  1980
• Division 14 renamed Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP)


  1982
• Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) holds first annual national conference separate from APA meeting

  1986
• Supreme Court sets conservative trend and becomes more "employer friendly"


  1989
• Americans with Disabilities Act passed. SIOP membership exceeds 2,500

  1990
• Civil Rights Act of 1991 passed to overcome 1989 conservative Supreme Court decisions


  1991
• SIOP celebrates golden anniversary at its annual conference in St. Louis


  1997
• SIOP membership exceeds 3,600

  2000
• OFCCP and EEOC become more aggressive in fighting systemic discrimination

  2005
• Why conduct research in I/O psychology

  • Answering questions and making decisions
  • Understanding research helps you critically listen and analyze results
  • Common sense is often wrong
• Considerations in conducting research

  • Ideas, hypothesis, theories
  • Literature reviews
  • Location of the study
  • Research method to be used
  • Subject samples
  • Running the study
  • Statistical analysis
• Experiment


  Manipulation of one or more independent variables and random assignment of subjects to experimental and control conditions