ZOTC LEC.2

• biosecurity is a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases and it involves proper animal husbandry practice and systems as well as attitudes and behaviors
• (concept of biosec) conceptual

  • site planning and enumeration of requirements that would minimize source of pathogens
  • defects in conceptual biosecurity can not be changed
• conceptual involves

  • all in all out system
  • provision of water supply
  • proper removal of farm waste
  • compliance with local regulators
• (concept of biosec) structural

  • set up the facility
  • can be improved with proper capital investment
• (concept of biosec) operational

  • routine management activities
  • can be frequently modified and reviewed based on the need of the farm/situation
• in operational you need to be excellent in communication skill and filling up of logbook, provision and proper use of farm footwear and clothing and practice of clean-to-dirty, healthy to sick and young to old work patterns
• biosecurity provision is an equipment or fixtures that strategically placed in the farm for the purpose of decontamination and the goal is to prevent mechanical transfers of microorganisms
• biosecurity provision

  • footbath
  • power sprayer
  • hand wash
  • biosecurity room
  • power sprayer
• in handwashing is it used to to disinfect hands and must not be exposed to direct sunlight (iodine based disinfectant 10%)
• contact time of footbath is at least 10 seconds
• in power sprayer/overheard sprayer daily replacement is necessary and initial cleaning with plain water
• fumigation box/room is used for farm materials which can not be disinfected by wet disinfection procedures (e,g egg incubators, animal houses, electrical equipment)
• fumigation box uses formaldehyde and place in the center of the room and leave for 20mins
• 3 levels of biosecurity

  • level 1 - prevents entry of infectious organisms into the farm
  • level 2- prevents entry of infectious organism into the poultry house
  • level 3- prevents spread of infectious organism within the poultry house
• designated clean & restricted areas

  • clean area - main gate to decontamination area
  • restricted area - actual animal is located
• downtime is the time interval between emptying the poultry house and placement of new flock and allows of cleaning process (manual removal of dry materials like litter, feeds, feeders and waterers)
• downtime chemical agents

  • aldehydes (formalin)
  • chlorine releasing agents
  • iodophores - iodine handwash
  • phenols - surface disinfection
  • quarternary ammonium
  • perioxygen (hydrogen peroxide) - surface disinfection
• recycling pathogens

  • viruses - adenovirus, birnavirus, reovirus
  • bacteria - salmonella, clostridium
  • fungus - aspergillus fumigatus
  • protozoa - histomonas & eimeria
  • parasites - mites & worms
• grandparent is the highest faculty to be visited
• rodents can transmits bacteria like salmonella and e coli by contaminating feeds with droppings
• in feed quality we need to collect reference sample for future feed analysis and stack feeds properly according to delivery dates and ideally store for 5-7 days
• in water quality collect samples for bacteriological examination and it necessary to flush water lines at least once a week and chlorination of drinking water 3-5ppm at the end of the water line and must not be done one day before vaccination, during one day after live vaccination
• carcass & manure disposal

  • daily collection of mortalities must be done
  • dispose by burying, rendering or composting
  • mortality pits must be at least 100m away from the water source
  • manure must not get wet and removed from feeders
• vaccination & medication

  vaccination failure may be due to

  • birds are already sick
  • improper handling of vaccines
  • bird factor
  • maternal antibodies present in chicks or young birds
• antibiotics chemical capable of killing or inhibiting growth of microorganisms
• in routes of mediation injectable done in adult chicken breast muscle is the common site
• supplementation - provision of micronutrients needed for normal metabolic processes

  • vitamin ADE maintains lining of the respiratory and digestive system
  • vit. e immune modulator
  • electrolytes - heat
  • vit. b complex for chicks
• quarantine

  • ensure that the health status of the flock is known
  • conduct appropriate screening test
  • transport using disinfected trucks/vehicles
  • provide an isolation or quarantine facility
• management of manure

  odor control - goal is to minimize

  • build ventilation
  • separation of manure (swine & cattle farming)
  • oxygenation - for slurry only (aeration & air blowers
  • additives - essential oils
• dehydration & pasteurization

  • expensive and produces odor
• incineration - dropping and dead birds

  • expensive in an industrial scale
• composting - dryer organic matter that is stable and smaller
• mesophilic phase - bacterial decomposition
• thermophilic phase - decomposition of complex organic matter
• cooling phase - humus production
• maturation phase - production of stable product
• granulation - grinding and dehydration to produce stable and sanitized products
• liming - uses calcium oxide (exothermic process)

  • destroys pathogens and flies
• biological treatment (biological inoculation) B. subtilis

  • competitive exclusion lowering pathogens in the litter
• some uses of poultry wastes

  • spreading & burying
  • agricultural use
  • dropping & manure good source of nitrogen, phosphorus & potassium
  • natural method of recycling wastes