Ucsp

• State


  A political entity that has four requisites' elements: territory, sovereignty, people, government
• Theories on the rise of states


  • Divine Right Theory
  • Force Theory
  • Paternalistic Theory
  • Social Contract Theory
  • Natural Theory
• Divine Right Theory


  • Rulers ascended to power convinced that their right to rule is based on their filial relationship with supernatural forces and entities
  • The state doesn't come into being by the people but it is the handiwork of God on the earth
  • The state was created by the God and the King was the representatives or agents of God on the earth
• Force Theory


  • A group forces members of another group to subject themselves to their rules
  • The strong group out did the weak the strong became the master and ruled the weak
  • The strong group became vested with ruling power and the federated were made their subjects
  • A man physically stronger established his authority over the less strong persons
  • The strongest person in a tribe is, therefore, made the chief or leader of that tribe
• Paternalistic Theory


  • The father essentially is the leader if the first political unit, which grew as the number of the members of his family grew
  • This is true for highly patriarchal, male dominated societies
• Social Contract Theory


  • The creation of a state was a mutual agreement between the ruler and the ruled to ensure order and security from outside threats
  • The society or the state came into being by a contract that was made between the individual and the society or the contract that was made amongst the individual people
• Natural Theory


  • Humans have an innate need to be part of a community
  • The Greek philosopher Aristotle described humans as "political animals", as it is their nature to indulge in politics
  • The social urge of the human being to be within a group of people in the community as in sociology describes that "man is a social being"
• Explains the different form and functions of state and non-state institution
• Institution


  Composed of a set of formal rules, informal norms, or agreed upon understanding that constraint and prescribe political actors' behavior and interaction with one another
• Main function of institutions


  • Keep the society in order & implement specific tasks assigned to them
• Characteristics of an institution


  • A cluster of social usage
  • Relative degree of permanence
  • Well known and defined objectives
  • A bit resistant to social changes due to well solidified beliefs
  • Transmitter of Social Heritage
• State


  Organized political community acting under a government and united by common set of laws
• Elements of the state

  • Population
  • Territory
  • Government
  • Sovereignty
• Population


  • It is the people who make the state
  • Population is essential for the state
  • Without population there can be no State
• Territory


  • There can be no state without a fixed territory
  • People need territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically
  • It may be remembered that the territory of the states includes land, water and airspace
• Government


  • It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes, implements, enforces, and adjudicates the laws of the state
• Sovereignty


  • It is the most exclusive elements of State
  • Without sovereignty no state can exist
  • State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people and territory
  • It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in its territory
• Roles of the state


  • Provides security against external aggressions and war
  • Ensures security against internal disturbances, disorders and crimes
  • Legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people
  • Issues and regulates currency and coinage
  • Undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the socio-economic-politico-cultural development of the people
  • Grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights
  • Conducts foreign relations, foreign trades and economic relations
  • Secures the goals of national interest in international relations
• Forms of a state

  • Authoritarian government
  • Oligarchic government
  • Democratic government
• Monarchy


  • A form of government in which supreme power is absolutely lodged with an individual, who is the head of the state, often for life or until abdication
• Monarch


  A person who heads a monarchy
• Totalitarianism


  • A political system that strives to regulate nearly every aspect of public and private life
  • It theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of individual life to the authority of the state
• Oligarchic government


  • A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small-elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family, military, or religious hegemony
  • An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler, but several powerful people who rule
• Theocracy


  • A government by divine guidance or by official who are regarded as divinely guided
  • Leaders are members of the clergy, and the state's legal system is based on religious law
• Democracy


  • A form of government in which the right to governs is held by the majority of citizens within a country or a state
  • The two principles of democracy are that all citizens have equal access to power and that all citizens enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties
  • People can either become country leaders through electoral process or elect leaders who represent the core values and beliefs
• State institutions


  • Executive
  • Legislative
  • Judiciary
  • Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA)
  • National Statistics Office (NSO) / Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
  • Tariff Commission
  • National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)
  • National Security Council (NSC)
  • Office of the Press Secretary (OPS)
  • Philippine News Agency (PNA)
  • Philippine Anti-Graft Commission (PAGC)
  • CHR, COA, COMELEC, CSC
  • National Government agencies (i.e. DILG, DND, DAR, DA, DepEd, etc)
  • Government owned or controlled corporations (i.e. GSIS, PAG-IBIG, NFA, PHIC, SSS etc)
• Non-state institutions


  People and/ or organization that participate in international affairs and relations but are not affiliated with any state or nation
• Examples of non-state institutions


  • Banks
  • Trade Unions
  • Corporations
  • Cooperatives
  • Developmental Agencies
  • International Groups
  • Transnational Advocacy
• Banks


  Business that provides financial services to consumers and other business such as keeping money, exchanging currencies, and making loans
• Corporation


  An organization that was created by government charter that allows people to associate together for a common purpose under a common name
• Types of corporations


  • Public Corporations (created by state to perform governmental functions)
  • Private Corporations (non-governmental agencies, referred as privately held companies)
• Common types of corporations

  • For-profit entities (formed to generate revenues and provide a return to their shareholders)
  • Not-for-profit entities (operate under the category of charitable organizations, dedicated to a particular social cause)
• Multinational corporations (MNCs)


  Business organization that extends ownership, management, production, and sales activities into several or more countries
• Cooperative


  Autonomous association of people who voluntarily cooperate for their mutual social, economic, and cultural benefit
• Types of cooperatives

  • Worker cooperatives
  • Consumer cooperatives
  • Producer cooperatives
  • Purchasing cooperatives
• Cooperatives


  • They often provide quality goods and services to areas that have been shunned by traditional businesses because they are deemed less profitable
  • They typically invest in local communities
  • Since most cooperative members are local residents, business profits remain and circulate in the community
  • Cooperative membership builds social networks and strengthens social cohesion which are essential elements of a strong, healthy communities by connecting diverse community residents
  • Purchasing cooperatives help small, local businesses remains competitive within markets dominated by large, national retailers
• Trade unions


  Associations of workers that seek to improve the economic and social well-being of its members through group
• Functions of trade unions


  • Advocating for fairness and equality for workers' compensations
  • Securing better working conditions for workers
  • Organizing strikes and demonstrations on behalf of worker demands
  • Fighting for social welfare for workers
  • Promoting and advocating for education and proper training for workers
  • Advocating and fighting the government for legislative protections of the workers
  • Promoting and advocating for organizational growth and stability
  • Acting as representatives of workers in national and international forums
  • Involved in collective bargaining agreements and disputes with management to settle any conditions on employment
  • Advising management on correct personnel policies and procedures
  • Involved in collective and personal collective grievances between management and workers
• Transnational advocacy group


  Cause-oriented organization that operates in more than one nation, consisting of people who work together to promote a cause