Henry VI

• What were Henry's 3 main foreign policy aims?

  1, national security

  2, recognition of tudor dynasty

  3, defence of English trading interests
• Why did Henry raise an army against France in Brittany?


  thought French would gain complete control of Brittany, so he felt an obligation to Bretons and feared that direct French control of Brittany would increase potential French threat to England so he summoned parliament to gain extraordinary revenue to build an army
• What was the Treaty of Redon? when was it and who between?

  Feb 1489- agreed between England and Brittany, Duchess Anne of Brittany would pay for a small English army to defend Brittany from French threat
• Why did relations between England and Brittany break down?

  Anne surrendered and married Charles VIII of France, was worsened as Perkin Warbeck seemed French backing for his claim to the throne
• How was this resolved between France and England?

  Henry launched an invasion of France in 1492, but France were more interested in launching an invasion of Italy so quickly sought a peace treaty- Treaty of Etaples, Charles VIII agreed to withdraw support for Perkin Warbeck and to pay a pension to Henry to compensate for the army
• What were the main trade ports in the Netherlands?

  Antwerp and Bruges
• Why did Henry break off trade relations with Burgundy? what did he do next?

  Maximilian and Phillip were offering hospitality to Perkin Warbeck- thought by putting a trade embargo it would ease the matter, agreed Intercursus Magnus in 1496 which ended the trade embargo between Henry and Phillip
• What was agreed in the Intercursus Malus?

  demanded trade deal which would give a much stronger trading position to English merchants in the Netherlands and Phillip and Maximilian agreed to hand over their Yorkist fugitive, Earl of Suffolk
• What was the issue with the Intercursus Malus?

  treaty never became fully operative
• who ruled Spain?


  Ferdinand and his wife, Isabella
• What did the Treaty of Medina del Campo agree in 1489?

  two monarchs offered mutual protection in the event of an attack, agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders, arranged a marriage between Arthur (Prince of Wales) and Catherine (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella)
• Why were the 3 problems with the implementation of the treaty?

  1, marriage arrangement didn't go smoothly

  2, Ferdinand was reluctant to allow marriage to go ahead as long as Henry's dynastic stability was threatened by Perkin Warbeck

  3, two monarchs argued over size of Catherine's Dowry
• When did the marriage between Arthur and Catherine take place?

  1501
• What 3 complications did the death of Arthur bring?

  1, Henry suggested that Catherine should marry his second son, Henry, Ferdinand was reluctant to agree as he had little need for an English alliance and marriage would require a papal dispensation

  2, Henry lost enthusiasm for the marriage in 1504, death of Isabella made Ferdinand less significant

  3, Juana (Catherine of Aragons sister) and her husband set sail for Spain but were forced to take refuge in England when their ship was wrecked at sea
• What led to the possibility of the Treaty of Windsor?

  As Joanna and Philip of Burgundy set sail for Spain in 1506 they were forced to take refuge in England when their ship was wrecked at sea
• When was the treaty of windsor and what were the terms?

  1506- the Intercursus Malus,

  return of Earl of Suffolk,

  proposed marriage alliance with himself and Phillips sister (never happened),

  Henry recognised Juana and Phillip as rulers of Castile
• What consequences did Phillip of Burgundy's death bring?

  Juana was described by her father Ferdinand as having gone mad due to grief, gave Ferdinand opportunity to become regent of Castile, left Henry isolated, Ferdinand ensured that the marriage between Prince Henry and Catherine did not take place in Henry VII's lifetime
• What problems arose with Scotland when King James IV came of agar in 1495?

  he offered hospitality to Perkin Warbeck- even offered a marriage agreement to his cousin and he also encouraged Perkin to cross the border with an army in 1496- army was small and recieved no support from the people of Northumberland and quickly retreated
• What did the invasion of England by Perkin Warbeck cause?

  led Henry to raise a larger army to launch an invasion of Scotland - led to a taxation rebellion the following year
• Why was there a Cornish rebellion in 1497?

  a response to hardship caused by the raising of war taxes by King Henry VII to finance a campaign against Scotland, particularly bad in Cornwall as henry stopped cornish tin mining
• What did the Cornish rebellion result in?

  highlighted how England and Scotland needed to secure a truce which took place at Ayton
• What happened to Warbeck and Anglo-Scottish relation from 1498?


  relations improved, and James no longer had any diplomatic use for Warbeck so he was executed in 1499
• When was the treaty of Perpetual peace? who was it between?

  1502- between England and Scotland
• What was the Treaty of Perpetual peace?

  agreed to end the intermittent warfare between Scotland and England and it said that James should marry Henry's daughter, Margaret
• How successful was the peace treaty between England and Scotland

  improvements in relations lasted until the end of Henry's reign- Henry had been successful in ensuring the security of the dynasty
• Where did Henry VII's power lie in Ireland

  only extended as far as the pale (area surrounding Dublin)
• Why did Henry fear Earl of Kildare, Lord deputy of Ireland?

  as he had Yorkist sympathies, Kildare also supported Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck
• What did Henry do due to Kildares actions?

  instead of relying on established Irish aristocracy, he attempted the more costly approach of ruling the pale through and Englishman backed by armed forces, he also appointed his son Henry as Lieutenant of Ireland and Sir Edward Poynings as his deputy
• Why was poynings successful in establishing royal authority?

  he used the threat of force and bribery
• how did Poynings reinforce this success?

  he required the Irish parliament to pass 'Poynings law' in 1495, which meant that the Irish parliament could pass now law without the prior approval of the English Crown
• What were the consequences of Poynings law?

  this strategy proved too expensive for Henry and financial problems were made worse when Warbeck returned to Ireland and gathered an army, Henry was out of money due to threat of war with Scotland so had to depend on the cheap option of using Kildare as his deputy
• How did Kildare's views change?

  he had decided that there was no benefit in supporting the Yorkist cause and decided to serve Henry loyally- he was able to use his office to rebuild his family fortunes, no longer resented Henry
• Which of Henry's wives gave birth to Arthur and Henry?

  Elizabeth