Science 4

• Cell


  The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell.
• Living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life
• Cells vary depending on the type, structure, and function that they perform
• It is important to recall the cell parts essential in cell division to better understand the concept of cellular reproduction
• Three basic parts of a cell

  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
• Cytoplasm


  A part that holds the organelles in place where most cell activities takes place
• Cell membrane


  Surrounds the cytoplasm and decides what materials should be kept in and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  The brain of the cell where the chromosomes are located. Chromosomes are threadlike materials that hold the organism's genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
• Types of organisms


  • Prokaryotes (unicellular)
  • Eukaryotes (unicellular or multicellular)
• Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

  • Prokaryotic cells have a single chromosome, lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Eukaryotic cells have multiple chromosomes, have membrane-bound organelles

  
• Examples of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

  • Prokaryotes: Bacteria and blue-green algae
  • Eukaryotes: Plant cells and animal cells
• The cell cycle: Interphase

  1. Gap 1 (G1 Phase)

  2. Synthesis Phase (S Phase)

  3. Gap 2 (G2 Phase)

  4. Gap 0 (G0 Phase)
• Stages of Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  
• Heredity


  The genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents. It's why we look like them! More specifically, it is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. These traits can be physical, such as eye color, blood type or a disease, or behavioral.
• Gregor Johann Mendel is the acknowledged father of genetics
• Cross first parental (P1) generation

  1. Cross pollinate or Cross breed

  2. F1 or First filial generation or Hybrid
• Cross second parental (P2) generation

  1. Self pollinate

  2. F2 or second filial generation
• Cell


  The smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body. A cell has three main parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm. The cell membrane surrounds the cell and controls the substances that go into and out of the cell.
• Living things are made up of cells, which are the basic structural and functional units of life
• Cells vary depending on the type, structure, and function that they perform
• It is important to recall the cell parts essential in cell division to better understand the concept of cellular reproduction
• Three basic parts of a cell


  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Nucleus
• Cytoplasm


  A part that holds the organelles in place where most cell activities takes place
• Cell membrane


  Surrounds the cytoplasm and decides what materials should be kept in and out of the cell
• Nucleus


  The brain of the cell where the chromosomes are located. Chromosomes are threadlike materials that hold the organism's genetic material called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

  
• Types of organisms


  • Prokaryotes
  • Eukaryotes
• Prokaryotic cells


  • Unicellular organisms
  • Contains a single chromosome
  • Membrane-bound cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc. are absent
  • Cell division occurs only by mitosis
  • Examples: Bacteria and blue-green bacteria

  
• Eukaryotic cells


  • Unicellular or multicellular
  • Contains more than one chromosome
  • Cell organelles such as plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc. are present
  • Cell division occurs by mitosis and meiosis
  • Examples: Plant cells and animals cells

  
• The cell cycle: Interphase


  1. Gap 1 (G1 Phase)

  2. Synthesis Phase (S Phase)

  3. Gap 2 (G2 Phase)

  4. Gap 0 (G0 Phase)
• Gap 1 (G1 Phase)


  The primary growth phase of the cell. The cell carries out its normal functions and also increases in size in preparation for cell division, production of RNA, and protein creation. There will be a control mechanism or a checkpoint after this gap to ensure that the environment is prepared for DNA synthesis
• Synthesis Phase (S Phase)


  During this time, replication occurs. DNA replication is a process where the complete genetic information and chromosomes are duplicated
• Gap 2 (G2 Phase)


  The cell continues to carry out its usual functions, to grow, and to produce new proteins
• Gap 0 (G0 Phase)

  There are instances when cell stop dividing and leave the cycle as early as in G1. This is the Gap 0 Phase. This can be a temporary or permanent rest
• The stages of Mitosis


  1. Prophase

  2. Metaphase

  3. Anaphase

  4. Telophase

  
• Heredity


  The genetic heritage passed down by our biological parents. It's why we look like them! More specifically, it is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next. These traits can be physical, such as eye color, blood type or a disease, or behavioral
• Gregor Johann Mendel is the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, and remains the acknowledged father of genetics
• Cross first parental (P1) Generation


  1. Cross pollinate or Cross breed

  2. F1 or First filial generation or Hybrid
• Cross Second Parental (P2) Generation


  1. Self pollinate

  2. F2 or second filial generation
• Genes


  The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. Genes are made up of sequences of DNA and are arranged, one after another, at specific locations on chromosomes in the nucleus of cells
• Alleles


  One of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location. An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for any given genomic location where such variation exists. If the two alleles are the same, the individual is homozygous for that allele