RWS

• Mechanics


  Set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize while writing
• Punctuation


  • Comma - to separate items in a series
  • Semicolon - to link two independent clauses with no connecting words
• Capitalization


  • Always capitalize the first word in a sentence
  • Capitalize Proper Nouns
  • Capitalize the Pronoun "I" and the Interjection "O"
• Abbreviation


  • Only abbreviate well-known terms
  • Initialisms - abbreviations that use capital letters
  • Latin abbreviations SHOULD NOT be capitalized
• Spelling


  • British English - keeps the spelling of words it has absorbed from other languages, mainly French and German
  • American English - spellings are based mostly on how the word sounds when it is spoken
• Organization


  Arrangement of ideas in a text
• Physical Representation


  • Textual clues, heading and sub-headings, locating the main idea - topic sentence, thesis statement
• Text Structure


  • Expository, narrative and grammar
• Coherence and Cohesion


  Connection of ideas and connection between sentences and between paragraphs
• Cohesion


  • Connection of ideas to the central concept of a text
  • It has a central concept or "glue" that holds all the ideas together
  • It is 'tying' our words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs together
• Coherence


  • Relationship of ideas between
  • Sentences are arranged in a logical manner
• Organizing The Details in Your Paragraph


  • Emphatic - Details are arranged according to the writer's purpose
  • Chronological - Details are arranged in the order
  • Spatial - Details are arranged according to geographical location
• Signal Devices


  • Pronouns - connect readers to the original word that it replaces
  • Transitions - connect one idea to another, in order for our ideas to flow smoothly
  • Repetitions - could be a word, a phrase, or a full sentence, poetical line repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text
  • Synonyms - similar in meaning to important words or phrases that prevent tedious repetitions
• Use of Language


  Acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
• Concrete Language


  • Can create tangible images
• Concise Language


  • Straightforward and to-the-point use of language
• Familiar Language


  • Readers easily recognize
• Critical Reading


  Active and complex way of engaging with a written text to get a deeper understanding of its ideas
• Claims


  Arguable statement of opinion, also considered as the central argument or thesis statement of the text
• Explicit Claims


  • Clearly stated and spelled out and there is no room for confusion
• Implicit Claims


  • Not directly stated but is either suggested in the wording or necessary to effectuate the purpose
• 3 Types of Claims


  • Claim of Fact - argues something is true or not, that using factual evidence such as existing data and statistics
  • Claim of Value - weighs and challenges one's moral practices and standards
  • Claim of Policy - argues for specific course of action that could potentially resolve a problem
• Evaluative Statement


  Show opinions, judgments, and points of view in a clear concise manner. Supported by research and valid reasons
• Evaluate


  Stating both the positive and negative
• Assertion


  Declarative sentences that claim that something is true about something else
• Types of Assertion


  • Fact - proven objectively
  • Convention - similar to norms and traditions
  • Preference - based on personal choice
  • Opinion - conclusion reached by
• Counterclaims


  Opposition you make
• Hedges


  Used to give a courteous volume in writing
• Textual Evidence


  Illustrate your ideas and support your arguments
• Types of Textual Evidence

  • Summarizing - stating it more briefly, with less detail and explanation
  • Quoting - using exact words from the original text
  • Paraphrasing - rephrasing in your own voice and sentence structure
• Project Proposal

  Comprehensive document that aims to solve issues and problems
• Parts of Project Proposal

  • Goals and Objectives - must clearly state what the proposal aims
  • Plan - providing details on how to achieve the set goals and objectives
  • Resources - must include and cover all variables (human, financial, and technical resources)
  • Budget - must specify and justify the financial aspect of the project
• Types of Project Proposal

  • Solicited - sent to respond to a request for proposal
  • Unsolicited - Sent without a Request for Proposal
  • Informal - your proposal can follow your preferred format
  • Renewal - sent to an existing client to encourage them to renew your services
  • Continuation - sent to remind investor that project is underway and to provide progress updates
  • Supplemental - send to remind investor that project is underway and ask for additional resources (must be persuasive)
• How to Write an Effective Project Proposal

  • Be persuasive - convince its readers to take action
  • Establish the connection - present the larger impact of your solution
  • Simplify - easy to read and understand
  • Edit and proofread - scan for spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors