bio 14 - fungi

• hyphae - For filamentous and thalloid representatives, individual filaments are called what
• mycelum - several branches of hyphae forming a network
• coenocytic - no septa
• septate - has septa
• pseudohyphae - composed of yeast cells
• biotrophs - which develop in living host tissue and cause symptoms of disease
• necrotrophs - which actively kill host cells and live in dead tissue
• endophytes - which develop in living host tissue without causing any symptoms of disease
• saprotrophs - decomposers obtaining nutrients from dead organisms
• haplontic - Fungi exhibit what kind of life cycle which means their only diploid stage is the zygote
• plasmogamy - A stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuse without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
• karyogamy - The process of fusing together two haploid cells; refers specifically to the fusion of two nuclei.
• diploid - The resulting single cell of karyogamy, containing two copies of the genome
• “mycota” is used to designate a phylum
• “mycetes” formally denotes a class or is used informally to refer to all members of the phylum.
• 9 phyla of fungi

  • Opisthosporidia
  • Chytridiomycota
  • Neocallimastigomycota
  • Blastocladiomycota
  • Zoopagomycota
  • Mucoromycota
  • Glomeromycota
  • Ascomycota
  • Basidiomycota.
• chytrids - another word for chytridiomycota
• chytridiomycota - distinct in having flagellated motile cells—a characteristic not found in other fungi
• CHYTRIDIOMYCOTA - mostly water molds found in freshwater, most are unicellular, some are parasitic to other water molds, algae, or plants while others feed on detritus
• mucoromycota - includes some members of the now- defunct phylum Zygomycota, such as common bread mold (Rhizopus)
• mucoromycota - most are saprobes while others are parasites or symbionts, their hyphae have no septa, they form thick-walled zygospore after karyogamy
• mucoromycota - zygospore often becomes dormant for months before germinating
• Tempeh is a traditional Javanese food made from fermented soybeans.
• Rhizopus oligosporus or oryzae - used in the fermentation process and is also known as tempeh starter.
• glomeromycota - formerly placed in Zygomycota, do not produce zygospore or any sexual structure, the mycelia lack septa
• glomeromycota - almost all are obligate symbionts of land plants aka arbuscular mycorrhiza
• Ascomycota - the largest fungal phylum
• saccharomyces - unicellular ascomycete
• Cookeina - thalloid cup fungi of ascomycetes
• ascus - the sexual structure containing spores, is the defining feature ascomycetes
• Pseudogymnoascus destructans - causes White Nose Syndrome (WNS) on bats
• basidiomycota - second largest group of fungi
• Cryptococcus - unicellular basidiomycetes
• mushroom, stinkhorn, puffballs - multicellular basidiomycetes
• basidia - basidiomycetes have bodies composed of hyphae and sexually reproduce through clubs haped cells called what
• Rozellomycota, Aphelidiomycota, and Chytridiomycota - diverged

  from the rest of the kingdom early in its evolutionary history
• Basidiobolomycota, Olpidiomycota, and Zoopagomycota - form a clade distinct from the more advanced groups
• Ascomycota, Entorrhizomycota, and Basidiomycota - form another distinct clade called Dikarya
• lichen - fungi can form associations with algae and cyanobacteria
• mycorrhiza - can form associations with plants