GEN BIO

• Biodiversity


  The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem
• Types of biodiversity


  • Genetic diversity
  • Species diversity
  • Ecosystem diversity
• Genetic diversity


  The variations among the genetic resources of the organisms
• Genetic variation


  Arises by gene and chromosome mutation in individuals and in sexually reproducing organisms and it is spread in a population by recombination of genetic materials during cell division after sexual reproduction
• Genetic diversity


  • Different breeds of dogs
• Species diversity


  The variety of different types of species found in a particular area
• Species diversity


  • Humans
  • Fish
  • Trees
• Ecosystem diversity


  The variety of different ecosystems present in a particular region or on Earth as a whole
• Types of ecosystems

  • Terrestrial ecosystem
  • Freshwater ecosystem
  • Marine ecosystem

  
• Terrestrial ecosystem


  Ecosystems that are found on land

  
• Freshwater ecosystem


  A region with bodies of water that have salt concentrations lower than those found in ecosystems, typically below one percent
• Marine ecosystem


  The largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content
• Extinction


  Occurs when the last existing member of a given species dies
• Types of extinction


  • Natural causes of species extinction
  • Man-made causes of species extinction
• Natural causes of species extinction

  • Climate change
  • Land development
  • Disease/Epidemic
• Man-made causes of species extinction


  • Deforestation
  • Air pollution
  • Water pollution
  • Destruction of coastal resources
• Evolutionary relationship


  The relationships between two different organisms that are related through the global process of evolution
• Phylogeny


  The relationships between two species that have a common ancestor
• Phylogenetic tree


  A diagram that depicts the lines of evolutionary descent of different species, organisms, or genes from a common ancestor
• Willi Hennig


  • Founder of Phylogenetic Systematics
  • Utilized two types of traits: ancestral traits and derived traits
• Types of phylogenetic trees

  • Cladogram
  • Phylogram
• Cladogram


  A diagram used to represent a hypothetical relationship between groups of animals, called a phylogeny
• Phylogram


  A scaled phylogenetic tree in which the branch lengths are proportional to the amount of evolutionary divergence
• Taxonomy


  The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals, and microorganisms of the world
• Classification


  The system of assembling organisms into groups or sets based on likenesses and variances
• Carl Linnaeus


  Often called the Father of Taxonomy
• Robert Harding Whittaker


  Proposed the five-kingdom classification in 1969
• Kingdom Protista


  • Protists have nuclear membranes around their DNA, have other membrane-bound organelles, many live in aquatic habitats and are motile, have complex life cycles that may include both sexual and asexual reproduction, get food through ingestion, absorption, or photosynthesis
• Kingdom Fungi


  • Eukaryotic, non-vascular, non-motile, and heterotrophic organisms, reproduce using spores, lack chlorophyll and cannot perform photosynthesis, store food in the form of starch, reproduce sexually or asexually, some are parasitic, produce pheromones to lead to sexual reproduction, examples include mushrooms, molds, and yeast
• Kingdom Plantae


  • Eukaryotic and multicellular, have cellulose walls, majority have a transport system, autotrophic through photosynthesis, reproduce asexually and sexually
• Kingdom Animalia


  • Can move and have locomotion, lack cell walls and plastids, heterotrophic, have excretory and sensory organs, as well as a neurological system, reproduction is generally sexual
• Kingdom Monera


  • Present in both aerobic and anaerobic environments, unicellular prokaryotes, no cellular organelles, cell wall is present but not well developed, autotrophic or heterotrophic mode of nutrition, found everywhere, asexual reproduction by binary fission
• Taxonomy helps us categorize organisms so we can more easily communicate biological information
• Taxonomy uses hierarchical classification to help scientists understand and organize the diversity of life on our planet
• Taxonomy helps in the estimation of the world's population of living things
• Taxonomy denotes the demand for the actual sequence of events