Conflict and Tension - Whole course

Created by

holly bowen-long

Cards (100)

What were the terms of the ToV
Article 231: War Guilt
Article 232: £6.6bil reparations
Reduced Army (100,000) and Navy (10,00)
10% land loss, 13% population
What were Wilsons aims?
14 points:
1. Freedom of the Seas
2. Reduction of armaments
3. Restoration of French Territory
4. Creation of the LON
What did Clemenceau want?
1. Reparations money
2. Alsace and Lorraine returned
3. Germany to have no army
What were Lloyd George's aims?
1. The German navy to be reduced
2. For Germany to take some blame but not all
3. To maintain the British Empire
List the reasons why the League of nations was formed
- Stop war from breaking out
- Encourage disarmament
- Improve working conditions
- Tackle deadly diseases
Who joined the League of nations at its formation? 
When founded, it had 42 members.
By 1934, it had 58.
There were 4 permanent members of the Council who made all the big decisions: Britain, France, Italy and Japan
Where was the League of nations based?
Geneva, Switzerland.
It hadn't been involved in the war, so we seen as a peaceful country.
Also, the Red Cross was based there.
Who couldn't join at the formation of the League of nations and why?
Russia wasn't allowed to join because Britain and France were suspicious of its new Communist government.
The countries who had lost the war couldn't join.
What did Lloyd George think of the League of nations? 
- He was critical of the idea at the Paris Peace Conference.
- On 25 March 1919, he issued the Fontainebleau Memorandum, supporting the League.
- He was persuaded partly by the mandates that the League had to run, wanting to add to Britain's empire.
- He regarded the League as a place to discuss ideas, but without any real power.
How did the League plan to keep peace?
It was thought that the League would work on collective security.
International courts with international laws were established.
Describe the idea of collective security
If countries worked together, they could ensure peace we kept and that the interests of every nation were looked after.
Describe the international law set up by the League of nations
In 1920, the League established an international court with international laws.
It was called the Permanent Court of International Justice.
If every country followed the same laws, less would disagree.
How did the League deal with disputes? 
Through the Covenant.

Also, it had no army add it was a peaceful organisation. However, if an army was needed, members would lend their armed forces.
Describe the Covenant of the League of nations?
It set out how the League would deal with agression:
1. Mitigation: getting countries to talk through problems.
2. Moral condemnation.
3. Economic sanctions: members of the League wouldn't trade with warring countries.
List the 5 groups within the League of nations
The Council
The Assembly
The Permanent Court of International Justice
The Secretariat
Special Commissions
How did the Assembly make decisions?
Every member could send representatives to the Assembly, which met once a year, on the first of Monday of September, to discuss and vote on matters.
Every country had an equal vote.
In order to pass a votre, the decision had to be unanimous; otherwise, the motion would be referred to the Council.
What was the Assembly in charge of?
- Deciding when a new country would join
- Election of judges to the Permanent Court of International Justice
- Voting for the non-permanent members of the Council
- Deciding how the League's money was spent
Describe the purpose of the Council 
To ensure the League could react quickly in an emergency, the Council met more frequently and had less members than the Assembly.
Describe the structure of the Council
It had 4 permanent members: Britain, France, Italy and Japan.
4, and later 9, other countries would be chosen by the Assembly to sit on the Council for 3 year term.
Describe the powers of the Council 
It had the power of veto - it could stop a ruling with its vote.
What we the purpose of the Permanent Court of International Justice?
To settle international disputes
Describe how the Permanent Court of International Justice worked 
Any country would bring an issue up.
11 judges and 4 deputy judges would listen to both sides before making a verdict.
The Court would then advise the parties involved.
Describe the structure of the Permanent Court of International Justice 
The Court was elected by the Assembly and the Council.
Judges would fill that role for 11 years.
There were 11 judges and 4 deputy judges.
Describe the problem with the Permanent Court of International Justice
They could only give advice; it wasn't a compulsory ruling.
The League had no army, so nothing could be enforced.
What was the Secretariat ? 
It was the civil service of the League, meaning it was in charge of administration and organising any action that the League wanted to take, apart from military issues.

It was a body of experts from different areas, e.g. Finance
What were special commissions
Special groups put together to tackle issues that the League worried about.
List some things that special commissions done 
- Helped undeveloped countries with economic issues
- Supported the underrepresented/minority groups, e.g. Women
- They supervised the mandates
Give some examples of special commissions
- International Labour Organisation
- Disarmament Commission
- Health Organisation
- Slavery Commission
- The Permanent Central Opium Board
- The Economic and Financial Committee
- The Commission for Refugees
Give 3 strengths of the League of nations 
- Written into all peace treaties following the war = recognised by all nations
- Had a vast membership
- Many members = International sanctions and moral condemnation were daunting punishments.
Give 4 weaknesses of the League of nations
- Many important countries didn't join, undermining the League as 'global', and meaning that countries could still trade with rich countries if economic sanctions were implemented.
- No army = no real power
- Complicated structure = slower action
- Decisions had to be unanimous = slow decision making
What was the aim of the International Labour Organisation?
To bring workers, employers and governments together to improve working conditions.
Give examples of the successes of the International Labour Organisation
- 1922: recommended banning of use of white lead in paint as it was poisonous
- 1930: helped Greece set up social insurance (help unemployed due to illness)
- 1928: 77 countries agreed to set minimum wage
- Reduced death rate in Tanganyika, Africa, or slave labour used to build new railway, from 50% to 4%.
Give examples of the failures of the International Labour Organisation
- 1919: tried to stop children < 14 from working ; not adopted my member countries as it was too costly.
- 1935: Suggested working day should be limited to 8 hours; only 4 voted in favour.
- 1935: Suggested workers should be paid for holidays - was unpopular.
What was the aim of the Commission for Refugees? 
To return prisoners of war home and support refugees by:
- improving camp conditions
- finding new homes
- returning term to their own countries once the threat of conflict gaff passed.
Describe some successes of the Commission for Refugees 
- 1921: League helped free 427,000 out of 500,000 prisoners of war from ww1, and return them to their homelands.
- 1917: helped the 1.5 million Russian refugees to find new homes.
- 1919-1923: Homes were found for 600,000 Greeks fleeing from Turkey. Refugee camps were set up and doctors were sent to treat camp diseases.
- Created Nansen passport : document of identification for refugees.
Describe a failure of the Commission for Refugees 
- 1933: Tried to appoint High Commissioner for Jews fleeing Germany. Germany rejected this proposal = no unanimous decision.

Commissioner was appointed, but as an indépendant body from the LoN, meaning they had less power.
Give an example of a success of the Slavery Commission 
Organised raids on camps of slave traders in Sierra Leone, freeing 200,000 people.
In 1927, Sierra Leone announced the abolishment of Slavery.
Give some examples of the success of the Economic and Financial Committee 
- Financial experts were set up to help Austria and Hungary rebuild their economies, so that they wouldn't go bankrupt.
- Developed codes for imports/exports, so they all members followed the same rules.
Give a failure of the Economic and Financial Committee 
When the global depression hit after 1929, the Coniston couldn't cope.
What was the aim of the Organisation for Communications and Transport commission?
To regulate transport developed during the war, to keep people safe.