lesson 3-psychological explanations

• What can schizophrenia be linked to?

  Childhood and adult experiences in dysfunctional families
• What characterizes a dysfunctional family?

  Poor communication, cold parenting, high expressed emotion
• Who proposed the concept of the schizophrenogenic mother?

  Fromm-Reichmann
• What is a schizophrenogenic mother described as?

  Cold, rejecting, and controlling
• What family climate does a schizophrenogenic mother create?

  Tension and secrecy
• How does a schizophrenogenic mother contribute to schizophrenia?

  Creates distrust leading to paranoid delusions
• What does the double bind theory emphasize?

  The role of communication style in families
• What happens to a child in a double bind situation?

  They receive mixed messages and feel confused
• What is the consequence of getting it wrong in a double bind situation?

  Child is punished by withdrawal of love
• What symptoms can arise from double bind situations?

  Disorganized thinking and paranoid delusions
• What does expressed emotion (EE) refer to?

  Negative emotions expressed towards a person with schizophrenia
• What are the elements of expressed emotion?

  Verbal criticism, hostility, emotional overinvolvement
• How can expressed emotion affect individuals with schizophrenia?

  It can cause relapse and trigger onset
• What is the diathesis-stress model related to?

  Vulnerability to schizophrenia due to genetic makeup
• What is a strength of linking family dysfunction to schizophrenia?

  Evidence of insecure attachment and childhood trauma
• What did Read et al. (2005) find about adults with schizophrenia?

  They often have a history of physical or sexual abuse
• What did Morkved et al. (2017) find regarding childhood trauma?

  Most adults with schizophrenia reported childhood trauma
• What is a limitation of family-based theories of schizophrenia?

  No systematic evidence supports these theories
• What is a limitation of research linking family dysfunction to schizophrenia?

  It can lead to parent blaming, especially mothers
• What do cognitive explanations focus on in schizophrenia?

  The role of mental processes in development
• What is dysfunctional thinking in schizophrenia?

  Information processing that does not represent reality
• What brain areas are associated with reduced thought processing in schizophrenia?

  Ventral striatum, temporal, and cingulate gyri
• What is meta-representation dysfunction?

  Inability to reflect on thoughts and behavior
• What can meta-representation dysfunction explain?

  Hallucinations and delusions like thought insertion
• What is central control dysfunction?

  Inability to suppress automatic responses during actions
• What can central control dysfunction result in?

  Speech poverty and thought disorder
• What evidence supports dysfunctional thought processing?

  Stirling et al. (2006) study findings
• What did Stirling et al. (2006) find in their study?

  People with schizophrenia took longer on tasks
• What is schizophrenia linked to?

  Childhood and adult experiences of living in a dysfunctional family
• What is a dysfunctional family characterized by?

  Poor communication, cold parenting, and high levels of expressed emotion
• Who proposed the psychodynamic explanation for schizophrenia based on accounts from patients about their childhoods?

  Fromm-Reichmann
• What did Fromm-Reichmann note about the type of parent many of her patients spoke of?

  The schizophrenogenic mother
• What is a schizophrenogenic mother characterized as?

  Cold, rejecting, and controlling, creating a family climate of tension and secrecy
• How does the schizophrenogenic mother lead to the development of schizophrenia?

  The distrust developed leads to paranoid delusions and then schizophrenia
• Who agreed that family climate is important in the development of schizophrenia and emphasized the role of communication style?

  Bateson et al
• How does the double bind theory explain the development of schizophrenia?

  The developing child finds themselves in situations fearing doing the wrong thing but receive mixed messages about what this is and feel unable to comment on the unfairness of the situation or seek clarification, leading to disorganized thinking and paranoid delusions
• What did Bateson make clear about the double bind theory?

  That it was just a risk factor for schizophrenia
• What is expressed emotion (EE)?

  The level of emotion, especially negative emotion, expressed towards a person with schizophrenia by their carers who are often family members
• What are the elements of expressed emotion (EE)?

  Verbal criticism, hostility, and emotional overinvolvement
• How does expressed emotion (EE) affect people with schizophrenia?

  It is a source of stress that can cause a relapse and has been suggested to trigger the onset of schizophrenia for those already vulnerable