soc sci

• Sun Yixian "Dr. Sun Yat-Sen"


  Most important leader of China's republican revolution, President of the Chinese Republic
• Sun Yat-Sen's achievements


  1. Inspired and organized the movement that overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911

  2. Organized Kuomintang party

  3. Laid down 3 Principles of the People: Nationalism, Democracy, People's Livelihood
• May Fourth Movement


  Chinese students protested the bad treatment of western powers, particularly regarding Shandong province being given to Japan
• Chinese Communist Party


  Formed, inspired by the Russian Revolution and V.I. Lenin
• Chinese Civil War


  War between the Kuomintang (KMT) led government of the Republic of China (ROC) and forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) lasting intermittently after 1927
• Japan's invasion of China


  1. Rape of Nanking, Japan controlled most of China

  2. Japan lost in WWII and surrendered

  3. Civil war in China resumed, Mao Zedong won, China became a communist country for a while
• Philippine Revolution, Philippine-American War, Filipino Resistance to Japan

  Nationalism in the Philippines
• Thailand


  Never colonized by western power but was forced to give some land to Britain and France
• Malaysia and Burma


  Gained independence from the English after WWII
• Indonesia


  Budi Otomo - Nationalist Movement led by Achmed Sukarno
• Vietnam


  • Nguyen Ai Quoc founded Vietnam's Communist Party in 1930, Protesters were killed by the French using guillotines
  • Nationalism movement led by Ho Chi Minh, received support from various Communist groups
  • French defeated in 1954 in Dien Bien Phu
• Geneva Accords (Agreements)


  1. Split Vietnam into North (communist) and South (democratic)

  2. Planned for a general election in 1956 to unify Vietnam, but South backed out leading to conflict between North and South
• Vietcong


  An army of civilian soldiers "farmers by day, soldiers by night", they ambushed the American troops
• End of Vietnam Conflict


  1. President Nixon began to withdraw American troops from Vietnam in 1969, Vietnamization plan to have South Vietnamese take over

  2. US questioned Diem's leadership and ability to keep communism from spreading into South Vietnam
• Age of Exploration


  The Portuguese, led by Vasco da Gama, were the first Europeans to reach the Indian Ocean by sea in 1497, joining a vast, diverse trade network controlled by Arab Muslim traders
• Global Trade Network 1650 – 1750


  • Europeans lacked goods desired by Asians, so large quantities of silver (mostly from the New World) were required to bring Asian goods back to Europe
  • British, French, and Dutch established trading companies in the East - joint-stock companies such as the British East India Company that were funded by private investors
  • British eventually would control all of India
• Ming Dynasty China 1368 – 1644


  • Goal was to restore China's power and traditions
  • Defeated the Mongols in 1368
  • Reestablished Confucian based government
  • Attempted to eliminate all signs of foreign rule and promoted a return to traditional Chinese values and traditions
  • Second emperor moved the capital to Beijing and constructed the Forbidden City

  
• Ming Maritime Missions


  Launched by Emperor Yongle in 1405, Largest expeditions in history up to that time, First expedition led by Zheng He included: 300 boats, 27,000 crew members, 180 physicians, 5 astrologers, carpenters, tailors, accountants, merchants, cooks, soldiers, and sailors
• Great Wall of China


  • Ming emperors greatly expanded the Great Wall, took its final form being extended more than 600 miles, expansion built out of brick, contained thousands of watchtowers, 35 feet hight, 20 feet wide
  • Expansion of the wall intended to end the disputes between officials - some wanted to expand trade with the Mongols while others insisted no compromises be made with them
  • Large workforce and army required-untold numbers perished
• Grand Canal


  Used to transport grain, salt, and other important commodities, any taxes that were paid were paid in grain which was shipped along the Grand Canal to Beijing
• Ming China's Decline


  • Imperial extravagance and neglect
  • Eunuchs formed their bureaucracy despised by the scholar-officials leading to government instability
  • Nearly bankrupt government after 1600-partly cause by expenses of Great Wall 7 of defending Korea from Japan
  • Navy became ineffective leading to piracy
  • Famine strikes in 1630s due to a "little ice age" that brought lower temperatures crop failure, peasants revolt
  • 1640s Yellow River flooding, small pox epidemic
  • Later emperors stopped consulting the government officials
  • Beijing falls in 1644 to the Manchus from Manchuria, Last Ming emperor committed ritual suicide
• Manchu (Qing) Dynasty


  • The Manchus, farmers and hunters who lived in the area now known as Manchuria, conquered Beijing in 1644 and created the Qing ("pure") dynasty, which remained in power until 1911
  • Kangxi was perhaps China's greatest emperor, ruled from 1661 to 1722, calmed unrest, supported arts and letters, tolerant of Christians
  • Qing government sold trade privileges to the Europeans but confined the traders to a small island, rejected British mission led by Lord George Macartney in 1793 to win more liberal trade policies

  
• Decline of the Qing Dynasty


  • Corrupt Officials
  • High taxes that led to peasant unrest
  • Growing populations that caused hardships on the peasants
  • Stopping the White Lotus Rebellion- a revolt led by the peasants- was a great financial expense to the imperial government
  • Imperial treasury was severely strained
• White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804


  Large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty, over 16 million Chinese died during this rebellion
• China would pay for not interacting with the western nations
• The military advances of the western nations would cause many problems in China later
• The Qing dynasty began to decline during the rule of Qianlong
• Reasons for the decline of the Qing dynasty


  • Corrupt officials
  • High taxes that led to peasant unrest
  • Growing populations that caused hardships on the peasants
  • Stopping the White Lotus Rebellion- a revolt led by the peasants- was a great financial expense to the imperial government
  • Imperial treasury was severely strained
• White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804 – over 16 million Chinese died during this rebellion
• White Lotus Rebellion


  • Large-scale uprising in the mountainous regions of central China that contributed to the decline of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12)
  • The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279)
  • When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus members dedicated themselves to the overthrow of the alien Manchu and to the return of the previous Ming dynasty (1368-1644)
  • In the late 18th century, in response to famine, crowded conditions, and harassment from petty government officials, White Lotus leaders in central China began a rebellion; they promised their followers that there would be the return of the Buddha and the end of suffering
• China had goods England wanted: Silk and Tea
• China did not want any goods England had to offer
• British East India Company able to procure opium from India
• Immense profits from trade in China - selling opium to Chinese and selling tea and silk in England
• Increasing numbers of Chinese addicts as trade grew
• Death penalty for those who smoke or smuggle opium
• Lin Zexu's letter to Queen Victoria - Appeal for cessation of opium trade - Some doubt if Queen Victoria ever read this letter
• Chinese Action on Opium


  1. Lui sent by Emperor to deal with Opium trade in Canton

  2. Lui destroyed opium by mixing it with lime and tipping it into a creek
• British Reaction


  1. 1st Opium War 1839-1843

  2. 2nd Opium War - 1856-1860
• Boxer Rebellion in China between 1899 and 1901


  • Anti-imperialist, anti-foreign, and anti-Christian uprising
  • Initiated by the Militia United in Righteousness (Yihéquán), known in English as the Boxers because many of their members had practiced Chinese martial arts, also referred to in the west as Chinese Boxing
  • The Boxers bombarded Tianjin in June 1900, and Dong Fuxiang's Muslim troops attacked the British Admiral Seymour and his expeditionary force