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• Sociobiology – it can be acquired through nature. The genetic composition includes information that describes characteristics of an individual, including behavior.
• Social Psychology – it can be acquired through nurture. Via socialization, individuals learn how to develop self, including behavior of the self.
• Note: Behavior is both determined by nature and nurture. However, it is reinforced through socialization and enculturation.
• Socialization – Lifelong process of interaction by which human potential develops through learning the culture in general.
• Enculturation – lifelong process of learning culture through interaction with others.
• Functions of Socialization / Enculturation

  Personality and role development

  Skills development and training

  Values formation

  Social integration and adjustment

  Social control and stability
• Personality and role development – it helps individuals to build their identity and know their tasks in society.
• Skills development and training – it helps individuals to acquire necessary skills to survive in daily challenges and situations such as interpersonal skills, communication skills, among others.
• Values formation – it teaches individuals what values must be upheld.
• Social integration and adjustment – it makes individuals adapt to their social environment through adjustments and immersing oneself in society.
• Social control and stability – it tells individuals what behavior must be observed to avoid chaos in society.
• Agents of Socialization

  Family

  School

  Peer groups

  Church

  Workplace

  Media
• Family – this is the common foundation of individuals in society since it the first ones who teach individuals when they were young. They are the ones who primarily take care or nurture their members.
• School – it acts as the training providers for individuals in preparation for the independent and real world.
• Peer groups – it serves as the builders of social relations, behaviors, attitudes, and interests of individuals.
• Church – it provides moral and spiritual services. It also inculcates the norm in the society.
• Workplace – it provides career growth, work ethics, and enhancement of skills.
• Media – media is the provider of information and entertainment such as TV, radio, social media, internet, among others. it spreads information, entertainment, as well as it influences public opinion.
• Theories on Identity Formation

  Freudian Theory

  Cognitive Development Theory

  Looking Glass Self

  Dramaturgical
• Freudian Theory - Identity is based on the interaction of Id and Superego (pleasure v. social norms) The Ego will determine the reality
• Cognitive Development Theory - Identity is based on the development of mental capacity Stages: sensorimotor; preoperational stage; concrete operational stage; and formal operational stage
• Looking Glass Self - Identity is based on how others perceive us. People use the judgments they receive from others to measure their own worth, values, and behavior. How do others perceive us? How do they judge us? How do we react to their perception of us?
• Dramaturgical - Identity is based on how we impress others through altering our presentation of self. Front stage and backstage
• Collective Behavior - Spontaneous emergence of behavior by a group of people. Emergent, unstructured, and transitory
• Forms of Collective Behavior

  Mass behavior

  Crowd Behavior

  Social movement
• Mass behavior – Widespread behavior being exhibited by masses, usually simultaneous and has no coordination Example: fads, craze, mass hysteria
• Crowd Behavior – Behavior being exhibited by crowds, it is characterized by restlessness, directionless, and strong emotion Example: expressive crowd on concerts, acting crowd during rallies
• Social movement – Behavior being exhibited by the people who want change. It involves advocacy and influence for a change. Example: revolutionary movements and reform movements