Chapter 1

• Three Major Types of Drug-Receptor Bonds

  • Covalent Bonds
  • Electrostatic Bonds
  • Hydrophobic Bonds
• Covalent Bonds

  • are like super strong glue. They happen when two things share some of their parts, making a very tight connection.
  • In Drug Terms: When a drug and its target part of the body team up so tightly. They share electrons, forming a very strong and lasting bond.
• Electrostatic Bonds

  • Electrostatic bonds are like magnets attracting each other. They happen when opposites come together, one with a positive charge and the other with a negative charge.
  • In Drug Terms: It's like the drug and its target are attracted to each other because they have different or opposite electrical charges. They stick together, but not as tightly as with covalent bonds.
• Hydrophobic Bonds

  • Hydrophobic bonds are like hiding from water. They happen when things that don’t like water stick together.
  • In Drug Terms: Some drugs really don't like water, so they stick to parts of cells that are also water-averse. It's like they cuddle up together to avoid getting wet.
• The Distinction between Physical and Chemical Properties if a Drug Relates to How it Behaves and Interacts in Different Contexts:

  • Physical Properties
  • Chemical Properties
• Physical Properties: These properties pertain to characteristics of the drug that are related to its physical state or form. This includes attributes such as its appearance (color, shape, size), solubility (ability to dissolve in a solvent), melting point, boiling point, density, and crystalline structure.
• Chemical Properties: These properties are related to the chemical composition and reactivity of the drug molecule. Chemical properties describe how a drug interacts with other substances through chemical reactions.
• THE DIFFERENT PARAMETERS OR THE DIFFERENT PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MEDICINE:

  • Solubility
  • Permeability
  • Physical State
  • Polarity
  • Particle Size
  • Melting Point
  • Partition Coefficient
  • Surface Activity
  • Source
  • Isomerism
  • Intermolecular Forces
  • Ionization
  • Functional Group
• MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF MEDICINE

  • Therapeutic Classification
  • Pharmacologic Classification
  • Chemical Classification
  • Amalgamated Classification
  • Legal Classification
  • Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD)
• Therapeutic Classification: This classification system groups medicines based on what they are used to treat or the health conditions they are intended to help with. For example, medicines for headaches might be grouped together, separate from those for treating allergies or infections.
• Pharmacologic Classification: This classification categorizes medicines based on how they work in the body. It focuses on the specific mechanisms of action or how the medicine interacts with biological systems to produce its effects.
• Chemical Classification: This classification sorts medicines based on their chemical composition or structure. Medicines with similar chemical structures or ingredients are grouped together. For instance, all medicines containing aspirin as their active ingredient would be classified together, regardless of their therapeutic uses. Medicine Chemical Classification—consists of three basic types:

  • The chemical name is the scientific, detailed name of the medicine
  • The generic name is a simpler version used in everyday conversations.
  • The drug trade name is the catchy brand name given by the company.
• Legal Classification: This classification pertains to the legal framework surrounding the production, distribution, sale, and use of medicines. It involves regulatory measures put in place by governmental authorities to ensure the safety, efficacy, and proper use of medicines. Legal classification determines factors such as whether a medicine requires a prescription or if it can be sold over the counter, as well as the regulations for manufacturing and marketing medicines.
• Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System with Defined Daily Doses (ATC/DDD) helps organize medicines into categories based on their therapeutic use and provides a standardized way to measure and compare their usage. This system is valuable for healthcare professionals, researchers, and policymakers in understanding and monitoring medication use.
• Solubility: This refers to how well a medicine dissolves in a liquid, like water
• Permeability: This is about how easily a medicine can pass through cell membranes
• Physical State: This is just what it sounds like—the form of the medicine, whether it's a solid, liquid, or gas.
• Polarity: This refers to how the molecules in the medicine are arranged. Polarity affects how well a medicine can dissolve in water (which is a polar solvent) and how it interacts with other molecules in your body.
• Particle Size: This is the size of the tiny particles that make up the medicine. Smaller particles can dissolve more easily and are often absorbed into the body faster.
• Melting Point: This is the temperature at which a solid medicine turns into a liquid. It's important because it determines how the medicine should be stored and administered.
• Partition Coefficient: This is a measure of how a medicine distributes itself between two phases, usually between water and an organic solvent. It helps predict how well a medicine can pass through cell membranes
• Surface Activity: This is about how a medicine interacts with the surface of another substance, like water. It can affect how well a medicine dissolves and spreads.
• Source: This is where the medicine comes from, whether it's synthesized in a lab or extracted from a natural source like plants
• Isomerism: This refers to different forms of the same molecule. Isomers can have different properties, including how they interact with the body
• Intermolecular Forces: These are the forces between molecules that hold them together. They affect properties like solubility and boiling point.
• Ionization: This is the process of a molecule gaining or losing an electric charge by gaining or losing an electron. It can affect how a medicine behaves in the body.
• Functional Group: This is a specific arrangement of atoms within a molecule that determines its chemical properties. Different functional groups can give a medicine different properties and effects in the body
• Amalgamated Classification: This classification combines different criteria from the other classification systems to create a more comprehensive grouping of medicines. It may incorporate aspects of therapeutic, pharmacologic, and chemical classifications to provide a more detailed understanding of medicines. This helps healthcare professionals choose the most appropriate medicine based on multiple factors.