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• Conformity

  is the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them. An act of following the roles and norms of society
• Informational influence: happens when people change their behavior in order to be correct
• Normative influence: stems from a desire to avoid punishments and gain rewards
• Social acceptance: The fear of rejection or being ostracized can lead people to conform to the norms and expectations of the social environment
• Social Proof: it's common to assume that if most other people are doing something, it must be correct
• Deviance

  ● Deviance refers to behaviors, actions, or attributes that violate social norms, expectations, or standards within a particular society or group

  ● It can range from minor infractions to serious criminal acts, and it can result in social sanctions, such as stigma, or legal punishment
• Negative deviance: This is when someone does something that most people in their society see as wrong or harmful. For example, stealing, cheating, or hurting others.
• Positive deviance: This is when someone does something that goes against what most people in their society think is normal, but it's actually helpful or good
• Theories on Deviance

  Social Strain Theory (Robert Merton)

  Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)

  Labeling theory (Howard Becker)

  Conflict theory (Richard Quinney)
• Social Strain Theory (Robert Merton)

  ● Suggests that whether someone becomes deviant can be understood by examining if they follow or reject society's accepted goals and the acceptable ways to achieve those goals.

  ● If someone doesn't have enough opportunities in life, they might reject either the goals society sets, the acceptable methods to reach those goals, or both. In extreme cases, they might even reject the idea of accepted goals and the means to achieve them altogether,
• Types of Deviance according to Merton

  Conformist

  Innovators

  Ritualists

  Retreatists

  Rebels
• Conformist: Individuals accept both the societal goals and the legitimate means of achieving them.

  Example: A student who studies hard to get good grades and aims for a successful career
• Innovators: They accept socially accepted goals but pursue these with the means that are not accepted

  Example: Low-income background may resort to theft or selling drugs to attain material success.
• Ritualists: Individuals who abandon the pursuit of societal goals but continue to adhere strictly to the accepted means.

  Example: Low-income earners who abandon their desire to earn more money but still faithful in obeying laws or norms
• Retreatists: Individuals in this category reject both societal goals and the legitimate means to achieve them

  Example: Drug addicts who rejects the desire to get rich and using illegal drugs
• Rebels: They reject the system in society and seeking for change radically Example: Armed groups who wants radical change in society by rejecting the system of society and armed revolution
• Differential Association Theory (Edwin Sutherland)

  ● Suggests that people learn deviant behavior from the people they associate with.

  ● If individuals are surrounded by friends or family who engage in deviant behavior, they are more likely to learn and adopt those behaviors themselves
• Labeling theory (Howard Becker)

  ● Says that when society labels someone as "bad" or "deviant, " they might start acting like that label.

  ● In simpler terms, if someone is labeled as a "troublemaker " or a " criminal, " they may start to see themselves and behave according to those labels
• Conflict theory (Richard Quinney)

  ● Suggests that society is characterized by inequality and conflict between different social groups.

  ● In simpler terms, conflict theory highlights how society is divided into groups that compete for resources and power, and how this competition leads to tension and conflict. Example: Protesters who hold rallies to fight for rights of workers
• Functions of Deviance

  Clarifies Social Norms

  Strengthens Social Bonds

  Promotes Social Change
• Clarifies Social Norms: Deviant behavior can highlight and reinforce societal norms by demonstrating what is considered acceptable or unacceptable within a particular culture or community.
• Strengthens Social Bonds: Since deviant acts are prohibited, society would be bound by the same reaction once deviant behavior was done by someone else. Deviance can challenge existing social norms and values, prompting discussions and debates that may lead to changes in laws, policies, or social attitudes.
• Promotes Social Change: Deviance can challenge existing social norms and values, prompting discussions and debates that may lead to changes in laws, policies, or social attitudes. Clarifies Social Norms Strengthens Social Bonds.
• Social Control

  Social forces that limits the action of an individual within society and encourage individuals to conform in social norms.
• Formal Social Control: Relies on written rules and the use of sanctions, such as fines or imprisonment, to enforce compliance with societal norms and laws.
• Informal Social Control: refers to the everyday ways people influence each other’s behavior without relying on official rules or institutions. It happens through interactions, norms, and expectations within communities. Examples: peer pressure, family norms, and ridicule
• Human Dignity

  Human beings, regardless of types, must be respected and be valued due to the fact that they are human beings
• Human Rights

  Rights that are given to a human being such as rights on life, property, and freedom
• Characteristics of Human Rights

  Inherent

  Universal

  Inalienable

  Indivisible
• Inherent: Everyone has them naturally.
• Universal: They apply to everyone, everywhere.
• Inalienable: They can 't be taken away
• Indivisible: Each right is equally important
• Legal Basis of Human Rights

  Article III (Bill of Rights) of 1987 Philippine Constitution Section 1:

  No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal protection of the laws
• Common Good: Anything that is beneficial for the public or for the community