Chem

• Organic Compounds


  The study of carbon based compounds
• All living organisms contains carbons
• Organic Compounds


  • Composed of several allotropes that can be arranged in many particular order
• Allotropes


  Pure forms of the same element that differ in crystalline structure
• Carbon


  • Crystalline: particles arranged in definite or organized order
  • Amorphous: particles are arranged in no particular order
• Amorphous carbon


  • Coke
  • Coal
  • Charcoal
• Crystalline carbon


  • Diamond
  • Fullerene
  • Graphite
• Friedrich Wohler discovered urea: heating ammonium cyanate into an inorganic compound


  1828
• Hydrocarbons


  Contains only carbon and hydrogen
• Saturated Hydrocarbon


  Carbon contains 4 hydrogen existing in a single bond: METHANE
• Functional Groups


  Group of atoms, which give molecules similar properties
• Examples of Functional Groups

  • Alkanes
  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
  • Amides
  • Alkyl Halides
  • Carboxylic Acid
  • Alcohol
  • Aldehydes
  • Ketone
  • Esther
• Alkanes


  • Consist entirely of single bond carbon and hydrogen atoms
  • Saturated hydrocarbons
  • Simples and least reacting hydrocarbons species containing only carbons and hydrogens
  • Gasolines and lubricating oils
• Naming of Alkanes


  • Ends with -ane
  • Choose the longest, most substituted carbon change containing a functional groups
  • Always named based on the longest possible continuous chain in their structure
• Parent Hydrocarbons Prefixes


  • Meth – CH4 – Methane
  • Eth – C2H6 – Ethane
  • Prop – C3H8 – Propane
  • But – C4H10 – Butane
  • Pent – C5H12 – Pentane
  • Hex – C6H14 – Hexane
  • Hept – C7H16 – Heptane
  • Oct – C8H18 – Octane
  • Non – C9H20 – Nonane
  • Dec – C10H22 – Decane
• Alkyl Group


  • CH3 Methyl
  • C2H5 Ethyl
  • C3H7 Propyl
  • C4H9 Butyl
  • C5H11 Pentyl
• (-)


  Used for separating numbers and letters
• (,)


  Used for separating numbers
• 5 Ways to Structure Organic Compounds

  • Lewis Structure
  • Branch Formula
  • Line Diagram
  • Condense Formula
  • Cyclic Formula
• Naming of Cycloalkanes


  Add "cyclo" to the parent chain
• Cycloalkanes


  • cyclopropane
  • cyclobutane
  • cyclopentane
• Trans Isomer


  1 Wedge and 1 Broken Line
• Cis Isomer


  2 same Wedge or 2 same Broken Line
• Bicyclic Structure


  add -bicyclo
• Naming of Bicyclic Structure


  • Bicyclo [(x.y.c)] (parent chain)
  • x: highest number of carbon on one side
  • c: lowest number of carbon on one side
  • x.y.c: decreasing order of number of carbons