RWS FINALS

• Critical reading


  An active and complex way of engaging with a written text to get a deeper understanding of its ideas
• Simple reading


  The purpose is to understand the overview or general idea of the material
• Critical reading


  The purpose is to formulate judgements based on how ideas and information are presented in the material
• Simple reading


  The focal point is to grasp what the text says
• Critical reading


  The focal point is to understand how the text works, what evidence are present in the text, what assumptions are made, what the text means, and how the choices made affect the meaning of the text
• Simple reading


  The concluding statement is to summarize and restate what the reader has read
• Critical reading


  The concluding statement is to provide interpretation and evaluation of the material the reader has read
• Claim


  An arguable statement of opinion that is discussed, explained, or proven in a discourse. The central argument or thesis statement of the text
• Explicit claims


  Clearly stated and spelled out with no room for confusion
• Implicit claims


  Not directly stated but is either suggested in the wording or necessary to effectuate the purpose
• Types of claims

  • Claim of fact
  • Claim of value
  • Claim of policy
• Claim of fact


  Argues that something is true or not, and that it could objectively be proven or disproven by using factual evidence such as existing data and statistics
• Claim of value


  Weighs and challenges one's moral practices and standards based on the writer's inclination and belief system
• Claim of policy


  Argues for a specific course of action that could potentially resolve a problem or affect an existing set of conditions
• Mechanics


  A set of conventions on how to spell, abbreviate, punctuate, and capitalize while writing
• Comma


  Use a comma to separate items in a series. A series is made up of three or more nouns, verbs, modifiers, or phrases
• Semicolon


  Use a semicolon when you link two independent clauses with no connecting words
• M.I.N.T.S. capitalization

  • M - months
  • I - the letter I
  • N - Names: people, places, things
  • T - titles
  • S - start of sentences
• Abbreviations


  Only abbreviate well-known terms. Abbreviations that use capital letters are called initialisms. Latin abbreviations should not be capitalized
• Spelling


  British English keeps the spelling of words it has absorbed from other languages, mainly French and German, while American English spellings are based mostly on how the word sounds when it is spoken
• Organization


  A well-written text is logically and accurately arranged
• Coherence and cohesion


  Paragraphs are coherent when they contain one controlling idea, just as sentences are cohesive when they stick together
• Types of text organization

  • Emphatic
  • Chronological
  • Spatial
• Signal devices

  • Pronouns
  • Repetitions
  • Transitions
  • Synonyms
• Concrete language


  Includes descriptions which can create tangible images with details the reader can visualize
• Concise language


  Straightforward and to-the-point use of language
• Familiar language


  That which the readers easily recognize and understand because they use it on a regular basis
• Textual evidence


  Evidence from a text to illustrate ideas and support arguments
• Types of textual evidence

  • Summarizing
  • Quoting
  • Paraphrasing
• Summarizing


  Taking the essence of the writer's idea and stating it more briefly, with less detail and explanation
• Quoting


  Supporting the argument using exact words from the original text
• Paraphrasing


  Rephrasing in your own voice and sentence structure of one portion of the original source
• Evaluative statement


  Used to show opinions, judgments, and points of view in a clear concise manner
• Ways to present evaluative statements

  • Illustrate both sides of arguments
  • Represent thoughts, opinions, and views in the conclusion
• Assertion


  Declarative sentences which claim that something is true about something else
• Types of assertion

  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Preference
  • Opinion
• Counterclaim


  The opposition made about the claim of a writer. Hedges are used to minimize the negative impact of a criticism
• Hedges

  
  

  Minimizes the negative impact of a criticism.
• Project proposal


  A comprehensive document that aims to address anticipated problems or issues, and present a proposed solution to an identified problem
• Parts of a project proposal

  • Goals and objectives
  • Plan
  • Resources
  • Budget