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• Conjunctions


  Words that connect words, phrases, and clauses together
• Conjunctions


  • Connect separate words or word groups into something longer
  • Can join words
  • Can join phrases
  • Can join clauses
• Phrase


  A group of words that stands together as a single grammatical unit, typically as part of a clause or a sentence, but cannot stand alone as it does not contain a subject and a verb
• Clause


  A group of words having both a subject and a verb
• Types of clauses


  • Independent clause (can stand alone as a sentence)
  • Dependent clause (cannot stand alone as a sentence)
• Coordinating conjunction


  Connects words, phrases, and clauses of equal rank or importance
• Coordinating conjunctions


  • For
  • And
  • Nor
  • But
  • Or
  • Yet
  • So
• Subordinating conjunction


  Connects the independent clause and dependent clause to form a complex sentence
• Common subordinating conjunctions


  • If
  • Because
  • When
  • While
• Correlative conjunctions


  Conjunctions that come in pairs and relate one sentence element to another
• Examples of correlative conjunctions


  • Either/or
  • Both/and
  • Whether/or
  • Neither/nor
  • Not only/but also
  • Not/but
• Tense


  A form of verb that is used to show the time of an action
• Basic tenses in English


  • Present
  • Past
  • Future
• Present tense


  Used to describe things that are happening right now, or things that are continuous
• Past tense


  Used to describe things that have already happened
• Future tense


  Describes things that are yet to happen
• Verb tense aspects


  • Simple
  • Progressive/Continuous
  • Perfect
  • Perfect Progressive/Continuous
• Verb tenses English learners should know


  • Present Simple
  • Present Continuous/Progressive
  • Present Perfect
  • Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive
  • Past Simple
  • Past Continuous/Progressive
  • Past Perfect
  • Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive
  • Future Simple
  • Future Perfect
  • Future Continuous/Progressive
  • Future Perfect Continuous/Progressive
• Simple Present


  Used to describe an action, habit or facts that are generally true and occur in the present time
• Simple Present structure


  Subject + verb in present form
• Simple Present


  • I eat pizza
  • She travels every day
  • I walk to work every morning
  • Anna visits the town center every weekend
  • She works as a teaching assistant in the school
• Present Continuous/Progressive


  Used to describe an action that is ongoing now
• Present Continuous/Progressive structure


  Subject + am/is/are + verb (-ing)
• Present Continuous/Progressive


  • It is snowing outside
  • I am studying for my exam
  • She is eating her lunch
  • They are traveling right now
• Present Perfect


  Used to describe an action that has taken place once or many times before now
• Present Perfect structure


  Subject + has/have + verb past participle
• Present Perfect


  • I have walked to school every day
  • They have travelled to China twice
  • Stacey has worked as a teaching assistant for 3 years now
  • He has travelled to France
• Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive


  Used to describe an experience or an action that started in the past and is still continuing till the present moment
• Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive structure


  Subject + has/have been + verb (-ing)
• Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive


  • I have been studying for 3 hours now
  • They have been living in the same house since 1999
  • It has been snowing all morning
  • She has been traveling for a day
• Simple Past


  Used to describe an action that has already happened or it includes a finished action and time
• Simple Past structure


  Subject + verb in past form
• Simple Past


  • I walked to work today
  • She arrived late to school
  • I ate my lunch in the café
  • I saw my friend in the shop
• Past Continuous/Progressive


  Used to describe a past action that was ongoing
• Past Continuous/Progressive structure


  Subject + was/were + verb (-ing)
• Past Continuous/Progressive


  • I was working all day to finish my homework
  • We were walking home when my mom called me
  • He was waiting an hour when the bus finally arrived
  • You were traveling when the deer crossed the road
• Past Perfect


  Used to describe an action that was finished before another past action
• Past Perfect structure


  Subject + had + verb in past form
• Past Perfect


  • I had finished my homework to give to my teacher, but she had already left
  • He had visited China
  • My mom hadn't packed my lunch so I had to prepare it myself
  • We had traveled by car when the bus arrived
• Past Perfect Continuous/Progressive


  Used to describe action that started in the past and continued till another action or time in the past