2A

• Living Things


  Anything that can move, respire, sense, grow, reproduce, maintain equilibrium, excrete waste, and take up nutrients
• Homeostasis


  The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment
• Organism


  A living thing made up of one or more cells
• Cell Theory 


  The idea that all livings things are made up of cells, cells are the smallest functional unit of living things, and all cells come from ore-exciting cells
• Prokaryotes


  A group of single-celled organisms with no nucleus and a circular loop of DNA. Bacteria and archaea are both prokaryotic
• Eukaryotes


  A group of single and multi-called organisms with a nucleus and linear strands of DNA. Animals, plants, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic.
• Plasma Membrane


  The phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins which seperate the intracellular environment from the extra cellular environment. Also known as cell membrane
• Cytosol 


  The aqueous fluid that surrounds the organelles inside a cell
• Ribosomes


  Small RNA-protein structures that are the site of protein synthesis. They either float freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the RER
• DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid)


  A double-steanded nucleic acid chain made up of nucleotides. DNA carries the instructions for the proteins which are required for cell and organism survival
• Membrane-bound Organelle


  Structure within a cell that is enclosed by a phospholipid bilayer
• Chromosome


  The structure made of protein and nucleic acids that carries generic information
• Nucleus


  A double membrane-bound organelle that protects and confines the genetic information (DNA) inside of a cell. Inside the nucleus is a smaller structure known as the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome production
• Plasmid


  A small, circular loop of DNA that is seperate from a chromosome, typically found in bacteria
• Somatic Cell


  Any cell that is not a reproductive cell (such as sperm and egg cells). Somatic cells are diploid (2n), meaning they contain two sets of chromosomes - one inherited from each parent
• Mitosis


  The cell division phase which involves the complete separation of sister chromatids and nuclei
• Germline Cells


  Cells that are involved in the generation of gametes in eukaryotes
• Gametes


  Reproductive cells that arise from germline cells that contain half the generic material (n) of a somatic cell. In humans, gametes are sperm and eggs
• Meiosis


  A specialised form of a cell division used to produce gametes in sexually-reproducing organisms
• Binary Fission


  The method of cell replication used by prokaryotes
• Micrometers 


  Unit of measurement where 1mm = 1000 micrometers