Pr2.1

• Research Design


  Type of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach that provides specific direction for procedures; strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011); it also includes collection of data, research timeline and respondents used
• Case Study


  Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
• Ethnography


  Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. It also involves their beliefs, values and attitudes.
• Ground Theory


  It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data collected by the researcher. It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
• Phenomenology


  Aims at getting a thorough understanding of an individual's experience for the same person's realistic dealings with hard facts of life.
• narrative inquiry these are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to human beings
• Data Collection

  Sampling is A process used in statistical analysis in which a predetermined number of observations taken in larger population
• Probability Sampling


  • A sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability
• Simple Random Sampling


  • Method of collecting data where every single member of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance and each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample
• Cluster Sampling


  • A method where the researchers divide the entire population into sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified and included in a sample on the basis of defining demographic parameters such as age, location, sex etc.
• Systematic Sampling


  • A method where members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population. It requires selection of a starting point for the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals
• Stratified Random Sampling


  • A method where the population can be divided into smaller groups, that don't overlap but represent the entire population together
• Non-probability Sampling


  Sampling method that is not a fixed or pre-defined selection process, making it difficult for all elements of a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a sample
• Purposeful/Purposive Sampling


  Participants are selected or sought based on preselected criteria based on the research question
• Quota Sampling


  A sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to sampling, typically based on characteristics such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc.
• Snowball Sampling


  Also known as "chain referral sampling", where the participants refer the researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in the study
• Observation


  A technique of gathering data whereby you personally watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours; a systematic data collection approach where researchers use all of their senses to examine people in natural settings or naturally occurring situations
• Casual observation


  • Involves observing the right thing at the right place and also at the right time by a matter of chance or by luck
• Scientific observation


  • Involves the use of the tools of the measurement
• Natural observation


  • Observing the behavior in a normal setting, no efforts are made to bring any type of change in the behavior of the observed
• Subjective observation Objective 


  • Involves the observation of the one's own immediate experienceinvolves observer as an entity apart from the thing being observed
• Direct observation


  Relatively straightforward method of observation
• Indirect observation


  Involves studies of mechanical recording or other means like photographic or electronic
• Participant observation


  • Researcher may interact with participants and become part of their community
• Non-participant observation


  • No participation of the observer in the activities of the group
• Structured observation


  • Works according to a plan and involves specific information of the units that are to be observed
• Structured observation


  Works according to a plan and involves specific information of the units that are to be observed
• Unstructured observation


  Allows the researcher to have freedom to note down what s/he feels is correct and relevant to the point of study
• Controlled observation


  Observations made under the influence of some of the external forces
• Uncontrolled observation


  Observations made in the natural environment and reverse to the controlled
• Covert observation


  When the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes
• Overt observation


  When the researcher tells the group she is conducting research
• Interview


  A qualitative research technique which involves "conducting intensive individual interviews with a small number of respondents to explore their perspectives on a particular idea, program or situation"
• Structured Interview


  • Consist of a series of pre-determined questions that all interviewees answer in the same order
• Unstructured Interview


  • Usually the least reliable from research viewpoint, because no questions are prepared prior to the interview and data collection is conducted in an informal manner
• Semi-structured Interview


  • Interviewer prepares a set of same questions to be answered by all interviewees. At the same time, additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and/or further expand certain issues
• Survey


  Used to assess thoughts, opinions, and feelings
• Validated survey instrument


  • Ensures the data being collected is accurate
  • When designing your own survey, it is necessary to pilot test the survey on a sample of your target group to ensure that the survey instrument is measuring what it intends to measure
• Self-Completion Survey


  • Via mail, email, the internet or SMS are generally the least expensive, particularly for a widespread sample
  • Allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to records or consult with others
• Interview-Based Survey


  • Face-to-face or telephone surveys generally allow more data to be gathered than self-completion surveys
  • Can include the use of more complex questionnaires