Organic Chemistry - Laboratory Midterm (1st Year)

• Experiment #3


  Hydrocarbons
• 1. Place 10 g of Calcium Carbide inside the Acetylene Gas
• Experiment 3 procedures have 1 preparation:

  1. Preparation of Acetylene Gas
• • There were 3 test performed in experiment #3:

  1. Ignition Test
  2. Baeyer's Test
  3. Halogenation
• 2. Fill the separatory funnel with distilled water
• 3. Attach both the distilling flask and separatory funnel in an Iron stand
• 4. Place the mouth of the separatory funnel on top of the distilling flask with a cork
• 6. Submerge 5 test tubes in the water of acetylene gas collection via water displacement method
• 5. Attach the rubber tubing at the tip of the distilling flask to a water basin filled with water
• 7. Rotate the stopper of the separatory funnel so that the water will fill the distilling flask with Calcium Carbide. Evolution of gas will rapidly occur. (Be careful. This reaction will produce heat.)
• 8. Collect the gas using the test tubes placed in the water basin. Seal the test tubes after.
• Ignition Test

  1. Place 2 drops of the sample in evaporating dish then ignite. Observe for the appearance of black smote and soot.
• Ignition Test

  2. For the acetylene gas sample, place a lighted matchstick in the mouth of the test tube.
• Baeyer's Test

  1. Place 2 drops of sample in a spot plate then add 2 drops of Baeyer's Reagent. (Alkaline KMnO4). Observe for any changes.
• Baeyer's Test

  2. For the acetylene gas sample, quickly pour 3 mL of the Baeyer's Test in the test tube filed with the gas
• Baeyer's Test 


  The Baeyer test for unsaturation is for determining the presence of carbon-carbon double bonded compounds, called alkenes or carbon-carbon trible bonded compounds, called alkyne bonds
• Baeyer's Test Samples

  Acetylene, Hexane, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, Toluene
• Ignition Test Samples

  Acetylene, Hexane, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, Toluene
• Ignition Test

  An ignition test in chemistry refers to a process of testing the ability of a substance to ignite or initiate combustion.
• Halogenation

  1. Place 2 drops of sample in a spot plate then add 2 drops of Bromine Water. Observe for any changes.
• Halogenation

  2. For the acetylene gas sample, quickly pour 0.5 mL of the Bromine water in the test tube filed with the gas.
• Halogenation Samples

  Acetylene, Hexane, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, Toluene
• Hydrocarbons are the considered as the simplest organic compound that contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
• Carbon atoms can bond to each other by either single, double or triple covalent bonds.
• Hydrocarbons are molecule that have little to no polarity because they do not contain electronegative atoms.
• Hydrocarbons are soluble in solvents in low polarity.
• Aliphatic (open chain compounds) hydrocarbons are cxompounds made of carbon and hydrogen bonds that do not manifest ring-like structures.
• Included in this classification are the saturated hydrocarbons (alkane) and the unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkene & alkyne).
• Saturated hydrocarbons have carbons that are have as many hydrogen atoms possible attached to every carbon.
• Saturated hydrocarbons have relatively few important chemical properties other than they undergo combustion and react with halogens.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms and are quite reactive.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons serve as building blocks for many types of plastic and other synthetic materials.
• Cyclic (close chain) hydrocarbons are compounds that have composition that form a ring, but are different from aromatic compounds in that the parent ring is composed of a benzene ring.
• Cyclic hydrocarbons included in this classification are homocyclic compounds (ring is composed of carbon only) or heterocyclic (ring is formed with other elements other than carbon).
• Homocyclic compounds are further subdivided into:

  1. Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
  2. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons which are cyclic hydrocarbons that do not have alternating C-C and C=C bonds.
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons have similar properties to aliphatic compounds in character.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons which are defined as having 6-membered ring structures with alternating bonds as manifested by structure of benzene.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons have formulas of aromatic compounds that can be drawn as cyclic alkenes making them unsaturated, however, due to cyclic structure.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons have properties of aromatic rings that are quite different and do not behave typical alkenes.