Reproductive System and Menstrual Cycle

• Embryonic tissue


  Male and female reproductive systems develop from similar ______
• Embryonic tissue


  This consists of germ layers such as Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm
• Ectoderm


  The outer layer. This gives rise to the skin, nervous system and spinal cord
• Mesoderm


  This layer specifies the development of skin cells such as bone, muscle and connective tissue
• Endoderm


  This is the innermost layer. These serve as the linings of organ systems such as the liver and pancreas.
• 6th Month of Pregnancy


  This is the time of pregnancy when the fetus' gender can be determined.
• 3 Functions of Male Reproductive System

  • It produces male sex hormones which allows it to function and develop
  • It creates and maintains sperm for reproduction
  • It delivers sperm through semen to the female
• Parts of a Sperm

  • Tail
  • Head
  • Midpiece
• Head


  Part of the sperm where DNA and nucleus are found
• Midpiece


  Part of the sperm where mitochondria is found
• Tail


  A typical flagellum produced by a centriole
• Testes


  The location where sperm cells are produced
• Testes


  Ovoid structures that are about 5 cm long and 3 cm wide. These are located within the scrotal sac (scrotum)
• 7th or 8th Month of Pregnancy


  The month when the testes usually began to descent in the fetus
• Cryptorchidism


  Failure of testes to descent into the scrotal sac and instead would stay in the abdominal cavity.
• Surgery (Orchiopexy)


  The treatment for Cryptorchidism
• After the testes descend, the inguinal canals narrow permanently but they remain as weak spots in the abdominal wall.
• • If an inguinal canal enlarges or ruptures, this can result in an Inguinal Hernia through which a loop of intestine can protrude
• Inguinal Hernia


  This is a disease that could possibly compress the intestine and cut off the blood supply. Fortunately, this is repairable through surgery
• Spermatogonium


  An immature sperm cell
• Lumen of the Seminiferous Tubule


  Where the maturing cell can be found
• Spermatogenesis


  The production of sperm
• Scrotum


  A sac of skin that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis
• The scrotum contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum
• Scrotum


  These protect the testes from temperature change. They distance themselves when it is warm and they go towards the body when it is cold
• Dartos Muscle


  A thin layer of smooth muscle in the dermis of the scrotum. Contractions of this muscle cause wrinkling in the skin.
• Cremaster Muscle


  A thicker layer of muscle of the scrotum. These lowers and raises based on the temperature.
• Inside the scrotum, each testis is enclosed by an outer layer called "tunica vaginalis", a continuation of the peritoneum that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
• Peritoneum


  A serous membrane that is transparent and secrets mucus
• Tunica Albuginea


  A white fibrous capsule that covers each testes
• Tunica Albuginea


  This gives rise to septa (partitions) that divide the testis into lobules (about 250 per testis)
• Each lobule contains 3 or 4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules
• Rete Testis


  A small network of tubes in the testicle that move the sperm towards the epididymis
• Spermatic Cord


  This contains the structures running from the testicles to the pelvic cavity.
• Spermatic Cord holds three contents:

  • Vas Deferens
  • Blood Vessels
  • Nerves
• Seminal Vesicles


  These lie on the posterior wall of the bladder and secrets 60% of the volume of the semen.
• Fructose


  This provides the energy for the sperm
• Fibrinogen


  This helps semen into a bolus (a ball of contents/ mixture of fluid and sperm cells) that can readily be propelled into the vagina. This causes the sperm to be sticky.
• Seminal Fluid


  This is from the prostate and other sex glands that help transport sperm out of the man's body during orgasm. This joins the ductus deferens to form an ejaculatory duct.
• Prostate Gland


  Doughnut shaped-gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder. This plays a role in the activation of the sperm