ucsp lesson 14

• Climate change

  • the rise in the average surface temperatures on Earth due to the burning of fossil fuels (e.g., coal and oil) that releases carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the air.
• According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),

  • El Niño is a large scale oceanographic/meteorological phenomenon that develops in the Pacific Ocean. It brings about unusually warm ocean temperatures and droughts.
• According to the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA),

  • La Niña is a weather phenomenon characterized by unusually cool ocean surface temperature in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. It increases average ocean surface water temperature in the region and causes heavy rains, floods, and landslides.
• El Niño and La Niña are parts of the global climate cycle. Records of these go back millions of years with evidence found in ice cores, deep sea cores, coral, and tree rings. They occur when the Pacific Ocean and the atmosphere above it change from their "normal" state.
• The Rio Declaration

  • in 1992, on Environment and Development defined the rights of individuals involved in the development of their economies.
  • it highlighted their responsibilities to safeguard the environment. The basic ideas of such declaration connected the attitudes of individuals and nations towards the environment and development were first identified at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972).
• Kyoto Protocol

  • the first legally binding agreement among nations to mandate the reduction of greenhouse emissions.
  • was negotiated on December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, and formally took effect on February 2005.
  • was developed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which vowed to stabilize greenhouse-gas concentrations that stimulate global warming.
• Paris Agreement

  • In December 2015, 195 countries made an agreement to pursue a global action plan to avoid climate change.
  • called the Paris Agreement.
  • According to the deal, this can be done by limiting global warming to below 2°C.
  • The Paris Agreement also includes the following significant points.
• Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM)

  • the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies, and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster (R.A. 10121, Sec.3).
• Disaster occurs when a hazard hits a vulnerable community and causes damage, casualties, and disruption. Examples of disaster are earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, and volcanic eruptions.
• Hazard

  • an event or occurrence that has the potential to cause injuries to life and damage property and the environment.
  • may be categorized as natural (e.g., typhoons, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions) or both natural and man-made (e.g., landslides, floods, drought, and fires).
• Vulnerability

  • a set of prevailing or consequential conditions which adversely affect the community's ability to prevent, mitigate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events.
  • In order to minimize vulnerabilities, governments and concerned citizens enhance the capacities of individuals through various capacity development programs.
• Capacities

  • are resources, means, and strengths, which exist in households and in the community.
  • These enable the people to cope with, withstand, prepare for, prevent, mitigate, or recover from a disaster.
• DRRM

  • includes all activities to minimize the loss of life, property, or assets by either mitigating the hazard or reducing the vulnerability of the elements at risk.
  • To ensure an effective response across all key sectors of DRRM activities, it has clustered government agencies under the various phases of disaster management.
• Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

  • include avoiding hazards and mitigating potential impacts by reducing vulnerabilities.
• Disaster Preparedness

  • covers activities to enhance the ability to predict, respond, and cope with the effects of a disaster.
• Disaster Response

  • covers measures required in search and rescue of survivors and in meeting basic survival needs for shelter, water, food, and health care.
• Disaster Recovery and Rehabilitation

  • are processes to restore the community fully to pre-disaster level of functioning.
  • include rehabilitation of livelihoods, restoration of social and economic activities, and reconstruction of shelter and infrastructure.
• Transnational migration

  • the process by which individuals or groups of people migrate from one country to another.
• A concrete example of transnational migration is an overseas Filipino worker (OFW) who chooses to work abroad in search of "greener pasture."
• Networking is defined as the exchange of information or services among individuals, groups, and institutions.
• Social media is defined as a "group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technical foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of User Generated Content" (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010).