Unit 1

• Define self-image


  how an individual sees themselves.
• Define self-esteem

  how an individuals feels about themselves.
• define emotional literacy

  the ability to recognise, understand and appropriately express emotions.
• define empathy

  being able to understand another's feelings/situation
• list 3 influences on self-concept

  appearance, relationships, education, gender, age, culture
• discuss self-concept in infancy

  infants don't know much about themselves, mainly basic facts such as, their name, age, gender, they might be able to recognise themselves in pictures
• what could affect self-concept in infancy?

  attachment reinforcement
• discuss self-concept in early childhood.

  children are able to give a good physical description of themselves and will be aware of their interests
• what might affect self-concept in early childhood?

  peer groups, school achievement, bullying
• discuss self-concept in adolescence.

  adolescents are very aware of their appearance and personality traits e.g. body image
• what could affect self-concept in adolescence?

  media, puberty, relationships, break-ups, school achievements
• discuss self-concept in early/middle adulthood.


  adults define themselves in terms of their occupation, where they live, family and achievements
• what might affect self-concept in early/middle adulthood?

  divorce, loss of job, financial concerns, independance
• discuss self-concept in later adulthood

  self-concept will be backward-looking, they'll describe what they used to do/ look like
• what could affect self-concept in later adulthood?

  illness, retirement, death of spouse/friends.
• what is attachment?

  a strong emotional bond between a child and their caregiver
• Discuss Bowlby(1953) theory

  Bowlby argued that infants are biologically pre-programmed to form an attachment with a carer.

  He said the quality of this attachment may affect emotional development for the rest of the child's life.

  He claims infancy is the critical period to form an attachment

  Bowlby suggests the theory of monotropy.

  He says children have a biological drive to seek love, comfort and security by forming attachments.
• Discuss Ainsworth's types of attachment + strange situation

  Ainsworth developed the strange situation experiment to observe how infants react when their caregivers leave and return to a room.

  This helped her to identify the 3 attachment types

  1. Secure attachment - comfort, security
  2. Insecure avoidant attachment - difficulty with trust, has no reaction when carer returns to the room
  3. Insecure resistant attachment - clingy behaviour, have a hard time being separated from carer, resists carer when they return to the room
• Discuss Shaffer + Emerson's theory.

  Shaffer and Emerson identified 4 stages of attachment

  1. Asocial - no bond, responds well to carers as well as objects
  2. Indiscriminate - no specific attachments, responds to caregivers equally.
  3. Discriminate - specific attachment to one caregiver (separation anxiety)
  4. Multiple Attachments
• What is maternal deprivation?

  the separation and loss of bond between caregiver and child
• What is privation?

  when a child has never formed an attachment with their caregiver
• State the 4 types of play + ages

  1. Solo (0-18months)
  2. Parallel (18months-2)
  3. Associative (3-4)
  4. Co-operative (4-8)
• Describe Solo play (0-18months).

  Children like to touch and put objects in their mouth, they play with toys with alone, they begin to play simple games with adults such as, peek-a-boo, they notice other children
• Describe Parallel play (18months-2)

  Children enjoy repetitive actions such as, placing objects in and out of boxes, they begin to copy other children, they like to play with adults and on their own, they learn to complete skills through trial and error
• Describe Associative play (3-4)

  Begin to play co-operatively with other children, they develop reasoning skills through asking questions (why? and how?), they join in on fantasy/pretend play with negotiation and taking on roles.
• Describe Co-operative play (4-8)

  They enjoy simple rules, they take turns, the like to play in small groups, they make up their own games with simple rules and they don't cope well with losing.
• What do children use play as?

  a way of learning
• Name 2 ways friendships are important.

  1. help cope with traumatic life events
  2. help to avoid loneliness
  3. help to maintain a healthy lifestyle
  4. provide a sense of belonging, self-worth, self-confidence
• How do young children develop friendships?

  through play
• What is an informal relationship?

  these develop within family and significant people in an individual's life, it is a strong bond built on trust and understanding, it helps to develop future intimate relationships
• What is a formal relationship?


  This relationship is between people who are not friends or related e.g. colleague, teacher, doesn't involve an emotional attachment
• Name 3 ways why a child may experience play malnourishment?

  1. parents have less time
  2. parents have increased fears about safety
  3. parents don't want their children to play without supervision
  4. 'stranger danger' concerns
  5. working parents
  6. single parents
  7. lack of safe play areas
  8. some homes don't have gardens
• What is a dysfunctional family?

  one which does not provide all the support and benefits associated with being in a family
• name 3 reasons why a family might become dysfunctional.

  1. poor parenting skills
  2. tension at home
  3. inconsistency in the way children are taught to behave socially
  4. children neglected due to insufficiency
  5. parents may have grown up in a dysfunctional family and this might be mirrored within their own family
• what did Baumrind find?

  3 parenting style which could contribute to child development
• what are the 3 parenting types Baumrind found?

  1. authoritative
  2. authoritarian
  3. permissive
• describe the authoritative parent style and the affect on children.

  parents are overly strict, children are brought up to respect authority, children in this household are likely to conform easily to social norms, and be more resilient
• describe the authoritarian parenting style and the affects on children.

  parents have high expectations and may overwhelm children with strict rules, children in this household are often rebellious and may cause problems in family life as well as wider society
• describe the permissive parenting style and the affect on children.

  parents make a few demands and are reluctant to implement rules, children in this household often lack a sense of control, children may experience problems in managing relationships and adult responsibilities.
• Maccoby and Martin suggest a 4th parenting style called?

  uninvolved