BIO M5

• Sexual Reproduction


  A form of reproduction that requires the fusion of two gametes to create an offspring. Offspring produced are genetically different to the parents
• Advantages of Asexual Reproduction

  Only one parent needed, thus saving time and energy.

  Usually quicker to produce offspring.
• Advantages of Sexual Reproduction

  Increases genetic diversity which creates variation within the population. Genetic variation allows for natural selection and can ensure some species will be able to withstand selective pressures such as disease.
• Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

  Energy and time investment to find a potential mate.

  Without a mate no offspring can be produced (continuity of species affected).
• Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction

  Lack of genetic variation within a population. This makes population more susceptible to selective pressures.
• Reproduction


  The ability to produce offspring, ensuring the continuity of life.
• Gene pool


  All the alleles of all the genes in a breeding population.
• Biological fitness


  Measure of an individual's reproductive success.
• 4 Stages of Mitosis

  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telephase
• Budding


  Smaller part of the adult organism divides by mitosis and produces a small bud.
• Binary Fission


  Division of a cell into two. The cell grows twice its size, DNA separates, protein accumulates at the cleavage site, the cytoplasm divides and a new cell membrane is synthesised.
• Fragmentation


  Occurs in multicellular organisms. The body of the organism breaks into two or more fragments each of which develops into a mature organism.
• Spore


  Tiny fungi reproductive cells.
• Vegetative propagation


  New plants arise from the root, stem, leaves or buds of adult plants.
• Pathogenesis


  Female gamete developing into an offspring without being fertilised by a male.
• Types of Asexual Reproduction

  A) binary fission

  B) budding

  C) spore

  D) vegetative

  E) two

  F) mitosis

  G) bud

  H) reproductive

  I) root

  J) stem

  K) leaf

  L) bud

  
• Protists


  Any eukaryote that is not a plant, animal or fungi. Has membrane-bound organelles, including unicellular organisms.
• Clone


  Genetically identical copy of an organism. Can be made naturally by some forms of asexual reproduction.
• Asexual Reproduction



  Form of reproduction that does not require the fusion of two gametes to create an offspring. Offspring produced are genetically identical to parents.
• Offspring


  New individuals created by one or more parents by reproduction.
• Gametes


  Sex cells, are haploid, produced by meiosis.
• Zygote

  Fertilised egg
• Internal fertilisation


  Fertilisation by copulation and develops in the female.
• External fertilisation


  Fertilisation by releasing gametes into the environment.
• Follicle


  A small sac found in the ovary that contains one immature egg cell. As it grows, it releases oestrogen.
• Corpus luteum


  Develops after a follicle ruptures and releases an egg during ovulation. Releases oestrogen and progesterone.
• Menstruation


  The process in which the endometrium disintegrates, results in menstrual bleeding out the vagina.
• Endometrium


  Tissue lining the mammalian uterus / uterine lining. Fertilised egg implants into this.
• Oestrogen


  Hormone produced by either a mature follicle or the corpus luteum. Stimulates the endometrium to thicken.
• Progesterone


  Hormones produced by women by the corpus luteum. Helps to maintain the endometrium.
• Hormones


  Chemical messengers that can travel in the bloodstream. Often made of proteins or lipids.
• Stamen


  Male reproductive organ of plants. Includes anther and filament.
• Carpel


  Female reproductive organs of plants. Includes stigma, style and ovary.
• Anther


  Top part of stamen. Produces pollen.
• Stigma


  Sticky top part of carpel. 
• Ovary (plant)


  Base of carpel. Contains one or more ovules
• Ovule


  Part of the ovary that can be fertilised to become a seed.
• Petals


  Attract pollinators and often colourful. 
• Birth scar


  Mark left from buffing on a daughter yeast cell.
• Bud scar


  Mark left from budding on a parent yeast cell.