chap 1 deep

• Analytical chemistry involves


  1. Sample preparation

  2. Separation

  3. Detection
• Main sub-branches of analytical chemistry


  • Qualitative (what)
  • Quantitative (how much)
• Key methods in analytical chemistry


  • Spectrometry
  • Chromatography
  • Electrochemical analysis
• Astrochemistry involves


  1. Analyzing the presence of organic molecules in space to understand the potential for life beyond Earth

  2. Examining the formation of elements in stars and their distribution throughout the universe

  3. Exploring the role of interstellar dust in chemical reactions and the creation of complex molecules
• Astrochemistry


  • Utilizes telescopes, spectrometers, and computer simulations to study the chemistry of astronomical environments
• Engineers


  • Use mathematical and scientific knowledge to solve practical problems efficiently
• Diverse fields within engineering


  • Civil
  • Mechanical
  • Electrical
  • Chemical
• Engineering design process


  1. Identifying a problem

  2. Brainstorming solutions

  3. Creating detailed plans for implementation
• Environmental chemistry investigates


  • Negative impacts such as pollution and climate change
  • Interaction between living organisms and the environment
  • Solutions to reduce human impact
• Geochemistry concentrates on


  • Material distribution
  • Cycling
  • Influencing factors
• Geochemistry


  • Often involves studies of isotopes and element abundances
  • Used in resource exploration and environmental monitoring
  • Intersects with geology, physics, biology, and astronomy
• Industrial chemistry


  • Goal is to optimize production processes, reduce waste, and ensure the quality and safety of industrial products
  • Industrial chemists may work in sectors like pharmaceuticals, food and beverages, polymers, and energy
• Chemistry is the science that investigates the materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo. Chemistry deals with the composition, structure, properties, behavior, and changes of matter and energy.
• Chemistry


  • Helps to develop a deep understanding of how our world works
  • Is based on the approach of critical thinking
  • Investigates predicting and controlling chemical reactions
  • Has led to the breakthrough and expansion of new and improved materials
  • Is important in the development of energy-making and storage devices
  • Helps us to recognize, observe, defend, and improve the environment around us
  • Is vital in agriculture and food science
  • Enables technological advancements
• Green Chemistry is the model of chemical products and processes that reduce the use of hazardous substances.
• Branches of Chemistry


  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Industrial Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Astrochemistry
• Vinegar contains 5% acetic acid


  • Explanation of its transformation into gaseous state or solid state, applications of laws and theories to understand its structure is physical chemistry
  • Since this is carbon compound, its method of preparations and study of its physical and chemical characteristics is organic chemistry
  • The study of its component elements, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen is inorganic chemistry
  • The study of chemical reactions that acetic acid undergoes in the bodies of human beings is biochemistry
  • Use of technology and ways to obtain acetic acid on the large scale is industrial chemistry
  • The study of the effect of radioactive radiations or neutron on this compound or its component elements is nuclear chemistry
  • The study of any adverse effects of this compound or the compounds that are derived from it, on the humans is environmental chemistry
  • The method and instruments used to determine its percentage composition, melting point, boiling point etc is analytical chemistry
• Essential questions for various branches of Chemistry

  • Physical Chemistry: What is the structure of an atom, and how does it influence chemical behavior?
  • Physical Chemistry: How do different types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) form and function?
  • Physical Chemistry: How do chemical reactions occur, and what factors influence reaction rates?
  • Organic Chemistry: Why carbon is considered the backbone of organic compounds?
  • Organic Chemistry: What are the major functional groups in organic molecules and how do they influence the properties?
  • Organic Chemistry: How can organic compounds be synthesized and what are their applications?
• Ammonia (NH3)


  Colourless gas with pungent irritating odour, highly soluble in water
• Experiment to check percentage purity of glucose (CH₁₂O)

  1. Analyst determines

  2. NO₂ is responsible for acid rain
• Chlorofluorocarbon compounds are responsible for the depletion of ozone layer
• 1. particles (He") bombard on nitrogen atom


  Proton is emitted
• Essential questions for branches of chemistry

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Biochemistry
  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Nuclear Chemistry
  • Astronomy
• Physical Chemistry


  • What is the structure of an atom, and how does it influence chemical behavior?
  • How do different types of chemical bonds (ionic, covalent, metallic) form and function?
  • How do chemical reactions occur, and what factors influence reaction rates?
• Organic Chemistry


  • Why carbon is considered the backbone of organic compounds?
  • What are the major functional groups in organic molecules, and how do they affect chemical properties?
  • How are organic compounds synthesised?
• Inorganic Chemistry


  • What distinguishes inorganic compounds from organic compounds?
  • How does Periodic table helps to organise elements?
• Analytical Chemistry


  • How are analytical methods used to identify and quantify chemical substances?
  • How composition of matter can be determined?
• Biochemistry


  • How do biomolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids contribute to the structure and function of living organisms?
  • What is the role of enzymes in biochemical reactions, and how do they catalyze specific reactions?
• Environmental Chemistry


  • How do human activities contribute to air pollution, and what are the consequences for the environment?
  • What role do greenhouse gases play in climate change, and how can we mitigate their effects?
  • How are pollutants removed from water through various treatment processes?
• Medicinal Chemistry


  • How are drugs designed and developed for specific therapeutic purposes?
  • How does medicinal chemistry contribute to the treatment of specific diseases?
• Polymer Chemistry


  • What are polymers, and how do their structures affect their properties?
  • How are polymers synthesized through various polymerization techniques?
• Geochemistry


  • How do geological processes influence the distribution of elements in the Earth's crust?
  • What is the role of geochemistry in understanding Earth's history and evolution?
• Nuclear Chemistry


  • How do nuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions, and what are their applications?
  • What is the role of radioisotopes in medicine and industry?
  • What are the risks and benefits associated with nuclear energy?
• Astronomy


  What types of reactions occur in astronomical environments?
• Organic Chemistry


  • To treat diseases, organic chemists synthesize new medicines that interact with specific targets like proteins or enzymes
• Inorganic Chemistry


  • Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are used as rechargeable batteries for electronics, toys, wireless headphones, handheld power tools, small and large appliances, electrical storage devices, and electric vehicles
• Analytical Chemistry


  • Forensic chemistry is the application of analytical chemistry. It involves the examination of physical traces, such as body fluids, bones, fibers and drugs. It can be used to identify an unknown compound.
• Physical Chemistry


  • The batteries in our vehicles are built on the principle of electrochemistry
• Environmental Chemistry


  • Environmental chemistry is used to protect water that has been poisoned by soil, and dust by using different methods e.g., sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection
• Hair contain a special class of proteins called keratins, which are present in nails and wool. Proteins contain chains of C-atoms