chem

• Thermochemistry


  The study of the relationship between heat and other forms of energy, particularly the transfer of heat into work
• Heat


  The transfer of energy between a system and surroundings due to temperature difference
• Work


  The force applied over a given distance
• Energy transfer


  May be in the form of heat or work
• Internal energy


  The sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy found in a system
• System


  A part of the universe being studied
• Surroundings


  The part of the universe outside the system separated by a boundary
• Endothermic reaction


  Type of enthalpy reaction when the system absorbs heat
• Exothermic reaction


  Type of enthalpy reaction when the system releases heat
• Types of system


  • Open system
  • Closed system
  • Isolated system
• First law of thermodynamics

  States that in any chemical or physical process, energy is neither created nor destroyed
• Enthalpy

  Measurement of energy in a thermodynamics system
• Voltaic cells

  Are driven by a spontaneous chemical reaction that produces an electric current through an outside circuit
• Electrolytic cells

  Is substance called where the electrodes are immersed, used for electroplating metals, recharging a battery, and separating pure metals from metallic compounds
• Components of electrolytic cells

  • Reduction half-cell
  • Oxidation half-cell
• Electrolysis


  The process when electrolytic cells are used to separate chemical compounds
• Ions

  • Cations
  • Anions
• Electrochemistry

  The branch of chemistry that deals with the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy or vice versa
• Current

  Is produced when electrons flow externally through the circuit from the anode to the cathode because of a difference in potential energy between the two electrodes in the electrochemical cell
• Reduction potential

  The tendency for a chemical species to be reduced by taking up new electrons
• Oxidation potential


  The measure of the material to oxidize or lose electrons
• Cell potential

  The measure of the potential difference between two half cells in an electrochemical cell
• Standard reduction potential


  Reduction potential of a molecule under specific standard condition
• Anode


  The positive electrode where oxidation occurs, electrodes are donated at the external circuit, ANODE is the positive (+) terminal
• Cathode


  The negative electrode where reduction occurs, electrodes are accepted from external circuit, CATHODE is the negative (-) terminal
• Oxidizing agent


  The ion or molecule that accepts electrons, by accepting electrons it oxidizes other species
• Reducing agent


  The ion or molecule that donates electrons, by giving electrons it reduces the other species
• Oxidation


  The half reactions that involves loss of electrons
• Reduction


  The half reactions that involves gain of electrons
• Positive (+)


  The charge of the anode plate
• Reaction rate


  Refers to how quickly or slowly reactants turn into products
• Concentration of the solution

  Refers to how much solute is dissolved in a solution
• Adding temperature


  Increases the rate of reaction because this causes the particles of the reactants to move more quickly, resulting in more collisions and more energy
• Removing heat


  Lowers temperature causing the particles of the reactants to slow down, resulting in less frequent collisions
• Surface area


  Grains of sugar have a greater surface area than a solid cube of sugar of the same mass, and therefore will dissolve quicker in water
• Catalyst


  For example an enzyme, is used to speed up a chemical reaction but is not used up in the reaction itself