Quiz Thurs

• Osmoregulation


  The active regulation of body fluids and ion balance in an organism
• Types of Osmoregulation


  • Osmoconformers
  • Osmoregulators
• Osmoconformers


  Organisms that try to match the osmolarity of their body with their surroundings
• Osmoregulators


  Organisms that actively regulate their osmotic pressure, independent of the surrounding environment
• Osmoregulation in Humans

  The kidney is the main organ responsible for osmoregulation in humans. Water, amino acids, and glucose are reabsorbed by the kidneys. The kidneys maintain the electrolytic balance of the body.
• Excretion


  The process of removal of waste materials from the body
• Main Parts of the Urinary Excretion System

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Urethra
• Kidneys


  • Bean-shaped organs located on either side of the spine, below the rib cage
  • Renal capsule - outer coat of connective tissue
  • Cortex - zone near the capsule made up of blood vessels and nephrons
  • Medulla - inner zone also made up of blood vessels and nephrons
  • Nephrons - the functional units of the kidney where urine is formed
  • Renal pelvis - central cavity where urine coming from the nephrons is stationed before going to the ureter
• Ureters


  Muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
• Urinary Bladder


  A hollow, muscular organ that stores urine temporarily until it is expelled from the body during urination
• Urethra


  A muscular tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to the exterior of the body during urination
• Process of Excretion


  1. Filtration in the Kidneys

  2. Reabsorption in the Renal Tubules

  3. Secretion in the Renal Tubules

  4. Transport through the Ureters

  5. Storage in the Urinary Bladder

  6. Voiding through the Urethra
• Plants, unlike animals, lack specialized organs like kidneys for fluid regulation
• Excretory Organs in Plants

  • Vacuoles
  • Leaves
  • Stems
  • Roots
• Vacuoles


  Plant cells have large vacuoles used for the storage of useful compounds and waste substances
• Leaves


  Used to excrete wastes, also called excretophore. Plants produce inorganic and organic wastes that are stored in leaves.
• Stems


  Some trees deposit strange chemicals in the xylem of branches and trunks, which are considered waste materials
• Roots


  Some plants actively secrete waste compounds into the soil, sometimes using these as weapons against other competing plants
• Gas Exchange and Transpiration in Plants

  1. Plants release oxygen through stomata

  2. Plants take in carbon dioxide through stomata

  3. Transpiration helps remove excess water and minerals from the plant
• Diseases related to fluid regulation in animals

  • Hyponatremia
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
• Hyponatremia


  Caused by Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) due to bacterial infections, most commonly Escherichia coli (E. coli), entering the urinary tract and proliferating in the bladder or kidneys
• Diseases related to fluid regulation in plants

  • Phytotoxicity
• Phytotoxicity


  Harmful effects of certain substances on plant tissues, due to the accumulation of metabolic waste products or excess salts in the soil