B1 flashcards

• Give the 2 word equation for aerobic respiration

  glucose -> lactic acid
• give the 2 separate word equations for anaerobic respiration

  Glucose -> lactic acid, Glucose -> carbon dioxide + ethanol
• list 3 sources of stem cells

  bone marrow, embryos, meristem tissue
• link each enzyme to its substrate

  • carbohydrase - carbohydrates
  • protease - protein
  • lipase - lipids
• give 5 factors that can increase the rate of a disease

  smoking, alcohol, obesity, carcinogens, ionising radiation
• give the word equation for aerobic respiration

  glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• Link each enzyme to its products

  • carbohydrase - simple sugars
  • protease - amino acids
  • lipase - fatty acids and glycerol
• define cancer

  uncontrolled growth and division of cells
• list the 3 uses of energy from respiration

  movement, keeping warm, chemical reactions to build larger molecules
• give two uses of cloning plants

  producing large numbers of disease-resistant crops, increasing the population of rare species to protect from extinction
• what is meant by double circulatory system

  right side of the heart pumps blood to lungs. left side pumps blood to rest of the body.
• define benign tumour

  uncontrolled growth of cells in one area
• list the 3 ways white blood cells fight disease

  phagocytosis, antibody production, antitoxin production
• Give the word equation for photosynthesis

  carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
• describe an artery

  Thick walls, small lumen
• Describe a vein

  Thin walls, large lumen
• Describe a capillary 


  Very thin walls, wide enough for a single blood cell
• Define pathogen

  A disease causing micro-organism
• List the two stages in development of drugs

  pre-clinical trials, clinical trials
• Define active transport

  The movement of substances from low to high concentration using energy from respiration
• describe the process of translocation

  The movement of sugar molecules through the phloem
• List the 3 substances that are transported in and out of cells by diffusion

  Oxygen, carbon dioxide, urea
• Describe how vaccine works

  Introduce small quantities of dead or inactive pathogen, white blood cells are stimulated to prodyce antibodies. If some pathogen re-enters the body white blood cells respond quickly by producing more antibodies more quickly.
• How is the phloem adapted to carry out its function?

  Sieve plates to allow movement of sugars
• How is the xylem cell adapted to carry out its function?

  No end walls to allow water to move up
• State three factors that affect the rate of diffusion.

  concentration gradient, surface area, temperature
• List four factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis

  Carbon dioxide concentration, temperature, light intensity, moisture levels
• List six plant tissues

  Epidermal tissue, Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, xylem, phloem
• What is the function of the epidermal tissue?

  Protective covering
• What is the function of palisade mesophyll?

  Photosynthesis
• What is the function of spongy mesophyll?

  Air spaces for gas exchange
• What is the function of the xylem?

  Transportation of water and nutrients.
• What is the function of the phloem?

  Transportation
• What are the long-term effects of exercise on the heart and lungs?

  Increased lung volume, increased heart stroke volume
• List two bacterial diseases

  Salmonella, gonorrhoea
• Describe the process of transpiration


  The movement of water through the plant from roots to leaves through the xylem and evaporation from the leaves
• List three viral diseases and their effects

  • Measles - fever, rash
  • HIV - flu like symptoms, leads to AIDS
  • Tobacco mosaic virus - affects growth due to lack of photosynthesis
• Sequence of process of mitosis

  1. Sub cellular structures replicate, cell grows, DNA replicates
  2. Chromosomes are pulled to each end of the cell, the nucleus divides
  3. cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
• describe how bacteria causes a disease

  It produces toxins which damage tissues
• List uses of glucose and plants

  • used in respiration
  • converted to starch in leaves, Lipids in seeds, cellulose for cell walls, amino acids for proteins