Renal

• Function of kidneys


  Homeostasis, removal of nitrogenous wastes (urea , creatinine , uric acid ), Electrolyte balance regulation ( sodium , potassium , chloride ), Regulation of water volume ( B / P ), Erythropoiesis
• Organs of renal system

  Paired kidneys ( rt . slightly lower ) , ureters ( 26-30 cm ) , urinary bladder , urethra
• How much urine and filtrate does the body make?

  Body makes 180 L of filtrate , excrete 1.5-2 L as urine
• Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes


  Proteins to Amino acids ( NH₂ - R - COOH )

  
  

  Alanine -> Pyruvic acid + NH3
• Ammonia


  aka NH3. Toxic , highly soluble . Must be washed out of body
• How do fish eliminate waste?

  Ammonotelic - Eliminate NH3 as waste
• How do humans eliminate waste?

  Urcotelic - Convert NH3 into urea ( soluble , less toxic , washed out as urine )
• Urea

  Formation in liver - ornithine cycle / urea cycle . Filtered out in kidneys , excreted as urine
• Uric acid

  Crystalline , insoluble , least toxic . Cyclic compound . Needs more ATP to make. Purines ( Adenine , Guanine )
• Gout


  uric acid accumulation in joints , causes pain
• Uricotelic


  reptiles , birds
• Creatine


  non - cyclic compound
• Creatine phosphate


  high energy compound in muscles
• Creatinine


  From degredation of creatine and creatine phosphate. Cyclic compound. Used to evaluate renal function. Used to calculate glomerular filtration rate ( eGFR )
• high creatinine indicates


  renal disease
• How is creatinine filtered?

  Freely filtered in kidneys and not reabsorbed
• Non - Protein nitrogen ( NPN )

  Urea , creatinine , uric acid , creatine
• Electrolyte Balance

  Nephrons (PCT , DCT , LOH)
• Calcium Phosphate creates?


  Renal calculi / kidney stones
• Oxalates are treated with?

  Treated w / alkalizer
• renal colic


  acute pain
• Renal failure


  urea in blood ( uremia )
• Intravenous Pyelography


  Contrast medium w / iodine ( to help w / visualization of X - ray ) , Dark areas = no filtration . Nephrons damaged . Kidneys non - regenerative
• Dialysis


  Given in kidney failure
• Ptosis


  kidney drops into pelvic cavity . Blocks ureter (Hydronephros)
• Renal Aplasia


  no kidneys
• Renal Dysplasia


  malformed kidneys
• Hydronephros


  kidney swelling due to blockage of urine
• Lithotripsy


  laser or ultrasound to pulverize blockage in kidney
• Diabetes insipidus


  No ADH. Urine dilue and large in volume
• Aldosterone


  Na + retention & water retention
• ADH


  Water resorption
• Type A Intercalated cells


  Excrete H + , HCO3- retained
• Type B Intercalated cells


  Excrete HCO3 , H + retained
• Acidosis


  More H + ions
• Alkalosis


  More HCO3-
• Erythropoietin


  Secreted by kidneys for RBC production
• Rickets


  Vitamin D deficency
• Gluconeogenesis


  Occurs in kidneys + liver during starvation. Proteins to glucose
• Kidneys


  Bean - shaped , bilateral organs in lumbar region . Retroperitoneal organs . Located between T12 - L3