AP HuG Unit 6

• Urbanization


  The movement of people to towns/cities and the resulting expansion of the rural countryside
• Influences on urbanization

  • Changes in transportation and communication
  • Population growth
  • Migration
  • Economic development
  • Government policies
• Site


  The actual physical qualities of the place that a city occupies which can influence origin, function, and growth
• Situation


  The relative location of a city (what is it near) which can influence origin, function, and growth
• Site examples


  • Coastal plain
  • Valley
  • Mountains
• Situation examples


  • Located near shipping routes (Hong Kong, Singapore)
• Megacity


  A large city with over 10 million people and found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery
• Megacity examples


  • LDCs: Mumbai, São Paulo, Jakarta, Lima, Shenzhen
  • MDC: Paris
• Meta-city


  A large city with over 20 million people and found increasingly in the periphery and semi-periphery
• Meta-city examples


  • LDCs: Delhi, Mexico City, Cairo, Beijing, Mumbai
  • MDCs: Tokyo
• Suburbanization


  The transformation of large areas of rural land to urban uses
• Suburb


  A residential area located on the periphery of a city
• Suburban sprawl


  Unrestricted suburban growth and development over large areas spreading out from a city in which cars provide primary source of transportation
• Edge city


  A concentration of residential and economic (business, shopping, entertainment) activity located in the suburbs
• Exurb


  A residential area beyond the suburbs, often in more rural areas
• Boomburb


  Residential and economic urban area that is not the largest city in their metropolitan area, but has a large population (100,000+) and tends to be spread along highways (e.g. Irvine, CA)
• World city


  City that functions as a service center of the world economy driving globalization at the top of the urban hierarchy
• World city examples


  • New York City, London, Tokyo, Paris
• Network


  A system of interconnected people, goods, information, transportation, communication, finance
• Globalization


  The process of increased interconnectedness among countries most notably in the areas of economics, politics, and culture
• Urban hierarchy


  Settlements ranked by population, number of services and sphere of influence
• Urban hierarchy examples


  • Hamlet, village, town, city
• Rank-size rule


  The idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the urban hierarchy
• Primate city


  A country's largest city, at least twice as large as the next largest city and more than twice as significant (usually the capital city) and represents national culture
• Primate city examples


  • Paris, France and London, England
• Gravity model


  A measure of the interaction of places used to predict the movement of people
• Christaller's Central Place Theory


  Explains the distribution, size, location, and interaction of settlements in an urban system
• Settlements provide


  • Low order goods
  • High-order goods
• Low-order goods


  Products that are replenished frequently such as food and other routine household items
• High-order goods


  Specialized items such as cars, furniture, fine jewelry, and household appliances that are bought less often
• Threshold


  The minimum number of people needed for a business to prosper
• Range


  The maximum distance people will travel to purchase goods and services
• Urban models


  • Latin American Model
  • Southeast Asian Model
  • Sub-Saharan African Model
  • Burgess Concentric Zone Model
  • Hoyt Sector Model
  • Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model
  • Galactic City Model (Peripheral) Model
  • Bid rent theory Model
• Burgess Concentric Zone Model


  A spatial model of the American city that suggests the existence of five concentric rings around a CBD (Central Business District)
• Burgess Concentric Zone Model rings


  • Center circle: the city grows outward beginning with the Central Business District
  • Second ring: the zone in transition where industry and poorer-quality housing are located
  • Third ring: zone of modest older homes typically for the working class
  • Fourth ring: zone of better residences where more spacious houses for middle-class families
  • Fifth ring: commuter zone made up of people who work in the center and choose to live in the suburbs
• Hoyt Sector Model


  A spatial model of the American city that suggests that land-use areas conform to a wedge-shaped pattern focused on the downtown core (CBD)
• Harris and Ullman Multiple Nuclei Model


  A spatial model that shows the mid 20th century American city consisting of several land-use zones (nodes) arranged around a CBD (Central Business District)
• Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)


  A spatial model in which American urban areas consist of a central city surrounded by a large suburban area, shopping malls, office parks, industrial areas, and service complexes tied together by a beltway, or ring road
• Bid-rent theory


  An extension of the von Thünen model that implies that rent is equal to the value of the product minus production and transportation costs
• Latin American City Model


  A spatial city model that includes a prestigious, commercial axis (spine) which emanates outward from the CBD and is surrounded by a peripheral area containing squatter settlements