circulatory system

• Circulatory system


  Transport system in human body which consists of a network of blood vessels
• William Harvey, an English physician, discovered blood circulation
• Blood vessels


  • Supply food, water, oxygen to the body and remove waste products from the body
• Animals without a circulatory system (e.g. hydra and sponges) get food and oxygen as water enters their bodies, and remove CO2 and waste as water exits their bodies
• Blood


  Transports substances in the body
• Pituitary Hormones


  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • Luteinizing Hormone
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
  • Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
  • Growth Hormone
  • Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Oxytocin
• Blood components


  • RBC (red blood cells) containing hemoglobin that transports oxygen
  • WBC (white blood cells) that fight against germs and protect from diseases
  • Platelets that help in clotting blood
  • Plasma (fluid part)
• Blood vessels


  Tube-like structures that transport blood
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone


  Stimulates egg maturation in ovary and release of sex hormones
• Arteries


  • Carry blood with oxygen from heart to body
  • Have thick walls because blood pressure is high
  • Narrow for blood to flow fast
  • Don't contain valves because blood flows in the right direction due to pumping of heart
• Luteinizing Hormone


  • Stimulates maturation of egg and corpus luteum surrounding the egg
  • Affects female sex hormones and menstrual cycle
• Pulmonary arteries


  • Connect heart to lungs
  • Carry blood with less oxygen (deoxygenated blood) from heart to lungs
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone


  Stimulates thyroid to release thyroxine
• Veins


  • Carry blood with CO2 from organs to heart
  • Have thin walls because blood pressure is low
  • Wider than arteries
  • Contain valves that prevent blood from flowing in opposite direction
• Adrenocorticotropic Hormone


  Causes adrenal gland to release cortisol
• Pulmonary veins


  • Connect lungs to heart
  • Carry blood with oxygen from lungs to heart
• Capillaries


  • Small blood vessels
  • Arteries divide themselves into capillaries
  • Arteries deliver oxygenated blood to tissues, capillaries take deoxygenated blood from tissues to veins
• Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone


  Stimulates synthesis of skin pigments
• Heart


  • Pumps blood in blood vessels
  • Located in chest cavity
  • Roughly the size of a fist

  
• Growth Hormone


  Stimulates growth during infancy and puberty
• Circulation


  • Has 4 chambers (upper 2 is atria, lower 2 is ventricles)
  • The part between chambers helps avoid mixing of oxygenated blood and blood with CO2
• Antidiuretic Hormone


  Signals kidney to conserve more water
• Heartbeat


  Contraction and relaxation of heart chamber which is made of muscles
• Oxytocin


  Affects childbirth, lactation, some behaviors
• Stethoscope


  Instrument used to listen to the heartbeat, amplifies heartbeat so doctors can monitor and find out patients' condition
• Pulse


  Rhythmic throbbing movements caused by continuous pumping of blood in arteries
• Endocrine Hormones


  • Thyroxine
  • Calcitonin
  • Parathyroid Hormone
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Testosterone
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
  • Epinephrine
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Aldosterone
  • Melatonin
  • Growth Hormone
  • Corticotropin
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
  • Gonadotropin
  • Antidiuretic Hormone
  • Oxytocin
• Pulse rate


  Number of pulse beats per minute (normal is 72 to 80 beats per minute)
• Thyroxine


  Regulates metabolism
• Excretory system


  Process of removing waste products produced in cells of living organisms
• Excretory system in humans


  • Kidneys contain blood capillaries that filter unwanted substances from blood in the form of urine
  • Urinary bladder stores urine produced by kidneys
  • Ureters connect kidney and urinary bladder, allow urine to pass
  • Urethra is the muscular tube through which urine exits the body
• Calcitonin


  Slows down release of calcium from bones
• Dialysis


  Process where an artificial kidney filters blood when kidneys stop working due to infection or injury
• Parathyroid Hormone


  Stimulates release of calcium from bones
• An adult human passes 1-1.8L of urine in 24 hours, which consists of 95% water, 2.5% urea, 2.5% other waste material
• Insulin


  Decrease blood sugar by promoting uptake of glucose by cells
• The way that waste chemicals are removed from an animal depends on availability of water
• Glucagon


  Increase blood sugar by stimulating breakdown of glycogen in liver
• Aquatic animals excrete ammonia in water, while birds, snakes, and lizards excrete semi-solid, white-colored uric acid
• Sweat contains water and salts that help remove toxic wastes from the body, and the evaporation of sweat takes up body heat and makes us feel cool