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cell biology
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Created by
Chelsea Kelly
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Cards (41)
Cell
differentiation
How a
cell
changes and becomes
specialised
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Animal
cell differentiation
Occurs in
early
stages of development for
repair
and
replacement
only
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Plant
cell differentiation
Occurs in
all
stages of life, the stem/undifferentiated cells are grouped together in
meristems
(active regions of the stem and roots)
Mitosis
takes place until the cells
elongate
and grow before they finally differentiate
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Cell
structures for animal
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
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Cytoplasm
Where most
chemical
reactions happen
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Nucleus
Contains
genetic
material which controls the cell's
activities
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Cell membrane
Controls the
movement
of
substances
in and out of the cell
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Mitochondria
Where most
energy
is released in
respiration
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Ribosomes
Where
protein synthesis
happens
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Additional
plant cell structures
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
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Chloroplasts
Absorb
light energy
for
photosynthesis
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Cell wall
Strengthens the
cell
and
supports
the
plant
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Permanent
vacuole
Filled with
cell sap
to help keep the cell
turgid
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The
cell cycle
1.
Cell growth
2.
DNA synthesis
3.
Temporary cell resting period
or cell stops
dividing
4.
Cytoplasm depocates
,
two cells
formed
5.
Mitosis
, chromosomes are now
double stranded
6. Further
growth
occurs and the
DNA
is checked for
errors
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Active
transport
The process that moves molecules
against
a
concentration
gradient and requires
energy
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Active
transport examples
Moves
mineral
ions into
plant
roots
Moves
glucose
from gut into intestinal cells, from where it moves into the
blood
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osmosis RQP
1. Set up one with
distilled
water to act as the control
2. Make one each tube its
labelled
with the
concentration
3.
weigh
the
potato
cylinders
and make sure to not mix up their masses
4. Place the potato cylinders into the boiling tubes and leave for
30
minutesuse forceps to remove each potato strip
5. dry and measure
mass
gain
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Stem
cell
An unspecialized cell that has not
undergone differentiation
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Types of stem cells
Embryonic
stem cells
Adult
stem cells
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disadvantages of Embryonic stem cells
Expensive
Ethical
issues
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adv and disadv of Adult stem cells
Cheap
Give
permission
Develop into
most
other cells
Divide every
30
minutes
Low
chance of rejection
Considered a
safe
procedure
More research
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Cell
division stages
1.
Prophase
- nuclear membrane
breaks
up
2.
Metaphase
- chromosomes
line
up
3.
Anaphase
- chromosomes
move
to sides
4.
Telophase
-
new
nuclear membranes made
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Osmosis
The movement of
water
molecules across a
semi-permeable
membrane from a region of
high
water concentration to a region of
low
water concentration
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Dilute
solution contains a
high
concentration of
water
molecules
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Concentrated
solution contains a
low
concentration of
water
molecules
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Magnification
A measure of the
size
of an image compared to the
size
of the object
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Cell structures of a
bacterial
cell
Cell
wall
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Plasmids
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Eukaryotic cells
Animal and plant cells, have a
cell membrane
, cytoplasm and genetic material in the
nucleus
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Prokaryotic
cells
Bacteria
, have cytoplasm and a cell membrane surrounded by a cell wall, genetic material not enclosed in a nucleus, may contain
plasmids
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Eukaryotic
cell size is
5um
- 100um
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Prokaryotic
cell size is 0.2um-2um
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Specialized
cell
sperm
muscle cell
nerve cell
root hair
palisade cell
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Sperm
Tall to swim to the ovum and fertilise
Lots of mitochondria to release energy from respiration
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Muscle
cell
Contains
protein
fibres, which can contract to make the cell
shorter
Contains lots of
mitochondria
to release energy from respiration, allowing the muscles to
contract
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Nerve
cell
Branched endings, called
dendrites
, to make connections with other
neurones
or effectors
Myelin sheath insulates the axon to
increase
the
transmission speed
of the electrical impulses
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Root
hair
Long projection speeds up the absorption of
water
and
mineral
ions by increasing the surface area of the cell
Lots of
mitochondria
to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions from the
soil
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Palisade
cell
Lots of
chloroplasts
containing
chlorophyll
to absorb light energy
Located at the
top
surface of the leaf where it can absorb the
most
light energy
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Prokaryotic
cells (Bacteria)
Single-celled
No
nucleus
- have a single loop of DNA
Have small rings of DNA called
plasmids
Smaller
than eukaryotic cells
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Light
microscope
Uses
light
to form images
Living samples can be viewed
Relatively
cheap
Low
magnification
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Electron
microscope
Uses a beam of
electrons
to form
images
Samples cannot be
living
Expensive
High magnification
Low resolution
High resolution
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See all 41 cards
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