ch 14

• Articulators


  Structure in speech production – tongue, lips, teeth, jaw, and soft palate
• Sound spectrogram


  A plot showing pattern of intensities & frequencies of a speech stimulus
• Manner of articulation


  How a speech sound is produced by interaction of the articulators during production of the sound
• Place of articulation


  Locations of articulation
• Phoneme


  The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word
• Variability of the acoustic signal

  • Variable relationship between acoustic signal and perception of that signal
  • A particular phoneme can be associated with a number of different acoustic signals
• Coarticulation


  The overlapping articulation that occurs when different phonemes follow one another in speech. Because of these effects, the same phoneme can be articulated differently depending on the context in which it appears
• Speech spectrograph


  Machine that records the time and frequency patterns of acoustic signals. Speech spectrograph also refers to the records created by this machine
• Motor theory of speech perception


  A theory that proposes a close link between how speech is perceived and how it is produced. The idea behind this theory is that when we hear a particular speech sound, this activates the motor mechanisms that are responsible for producing that sound, and it is the activation of these motor mechanisms that enable us to perceive the sound
• Categorical perception


  In speech perception, perceiving one sound at short voice onset times and another sound at longer voice onset times. The listener perceives only two categories across the whole range of voice onset times
• Voice onset time (VOT)


  The time delay between the beginning of a sound and the beginning of the vibration of the vocal chords
• Phonetic boundary


  The voice onset time when perception changes from one speech category to another in a categorical perception experiment
• Multimodal


  The involvement of a number of different senses in determining perception. For example, speech perception can be influenced by information from a number of different senses, including audition, vision, and touch
• McGurk effect


  A perception of speech that is affected by both auditory and visual stimulation, as when a person sees a video of someone making the lip movements for /fa/ while hearing the sound /ba/ and perceives /fa/
• Speech segmentation


  The process of perceiving individual words from the continuous flow of the speech signal
• Transitional probabilities


  The chances that one sound will follow another sound. Every language has transitional probabilities for different sounds. Part of learning a language involves learning about the transitional probabilities in that language
• Statistical learning


  The process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of the environment. Statistical learning for properties of language has been demonstrated in young infants
• Aphasia


  Difficulties in speaking or understanding speech due to brain damage
• Broca's area


  In frontal lobe
• Broca's aphasia


  Slow, labored, ungrammatical speech caused by damage to Broca's area
• Wernicke's area


  Temporal lobe
• Wernicke's aphasia


  An inability to comprehend words or arrange sounds into coherent speech, caused by damage to Wernicke's area