CITIZEN sect 1

• Moral rights


  What is expected from others in particular situations, based on what can be reasonably expected. E.g. parents expected to be contacted by teachers if their child misbehaves.
• Legal Rights


  Expectations supported by the law. E.g. a child would reasonably expect to be educated. Education is so important for a child's development that there are laws requiring parents/guardians to arrange suitable education for their children
• Moral duties/responsibilities


  The idea that a person has moral duties in certain situations. Disobeying moral duties, then, becomes grounds for justified punishment.
• Legal duties/responsibilities


  The responsibility to obey the law.
• Human Rights


  The fundamental rights that apply to all human beings whatever their nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status. Everyone is entitled to them without discrimination and the rights are all interrelated.
• Criminal Responsibility


  A person's ability to understand his or her conduct at the time a crime is committed. In other words, what a person is thinking when he commits a crime, or what result is anticipated or expected when a crime is committed.
• Rule of Law


  Everyone has to obey the law. This applies to politicians, the police and judges as well as ordinary citizens. If people break the law they must be held accountable for their actions and punished.
• Political Rights


  The rights that involve participation in the establishment or administration of a government and are usually held to entitle the adult citizen to exercise of the franchise, the holding of public office, and other political activities
• Trade Union


  An organisation of workers who join together to achieve common aims such as better pay and improved working conditions. Trade union leaders bargain with employers on behalf of union members.
• Employers Association


  Body of employers, usually from the same sector of the economy, associated to further the interests of member companies by conducting negotiations with trade unions, providing advice, making representations to other bodies, etc.
• Balancing Rights


  We balance rights and responsibilities. This balancing is essential for stable relationships. When relationships are out of balance they feel oppressive.
• European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)


  An international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.
• European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)


  A court based in Strasbourg which decides on cases where there has been a breach of Human rights in Europe.
• Legal Representation


  Legal representation is where people who have been arrested by the police have the right to advice and representation by a lawyer to ensure it is a fair trial. You can also have legal representation if you haven't been arrested for other reasons.
• Teachers Responsibilities


  • Teach good lessons and set suitable classwork and homework that will be marked regularly and returned promptly
• Parents' or Carers' responsibilities


  • Check their son or daughter's homework. Take an interest in the work their children do at home and make sure that it is completed.
• Learners' responsibilities


  • Listen to teachers, and work hard. Keep a careful record of all homework tasks and hand homework in on time.
• The education Act 1996 states the following: If it appears to a local education authority that a child of compulsory school age in their area is not receiving suitable education, either by regular attendance at school or otherwise, they shall serve a notice in writing on the parent requiring him/her to satisfy them within the period specified in the notice that the child is receiving such education.
• Moral Rights


  • To have work assessed promptly
  • To make sure that you are safe around school/sensible
  • To be respected
  • To speak out against bullying
  • To have personal property respected
• Moral Responsibility


  • Respect peoples property
  • To treat others how you wish to be treated
  • To support anyone who is upset
  • To work in clean tidy rooms
  • Return items/rooms to how you found them
• The most basic principle of human rights is that they apply to everybody. This is because they apply to anyone that is 'human'. This means human rights are afforded equally to prisoners.
• The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) recognises that there are situations where some rights can be restricted if they are outweighed by the interests of society. For example, where it is in the interests of national security to invade someone's privacy, or to limit someone's free speech rights to prevent another person getting hurt. Equally, the ECHR recognises that committing a crime can legitimately result in a person being deprived of their liberty (freedom).
• Prisoners Rights that cannot be restricted


  • the right to life
  • the prohibition on torture
  • the right to a fair trial
  • freedom from slavery
  • protection from retrospective laws
• Prisoners Rights that must be respected


  • Prisoners are entitled to have their right to property respected
  • right to respect for family and private life
  • prisoners legal correspondence cannot be opened or read by prison staff
• Prisoners Rights that can be restricted


  • Freedom from forced labour – prisoners are expected to work as part of their punishment (but can't be made to if unfit, or their religion forbids this on certain days)
  • Privacy – prisoners can be stopped and searched at any time
  • Property – prison staff can put restrictions on what you can keep in your possession
  • Privacy – prisoners' phone calls and correspondence is monitored
  • Education – prisoners under 16 should have 15 hours education per week, but this can be restricted for safety or security reasons
• The earliest recorded constitution, the Charter concerns the rights and responsibilities of the Muslim, Jewish, and other Arab and tribal communities of Medina during the war between that city and its neighbours.
• Medina Charter was created by the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the year 622 CE, it was the first written constitution in the Islamic world. The Medina Charter contained every aspect of running a country from politic to the human rights administration.
• The Medina Charter consists of 47 clauses. 23 clause governed the relationship between Muslims, between Ansar and Muhajirin, while the remaining 24 clauses governed the relations of Muslims with non-Muslims, the Jews and others.
• In addition to the charter of Medina, it is also known by various names such as Medina agreement, Dustar al-Madinah and Al-Madinah Sahifah. The Medina Charter form the constitution for Medina which was based from the regulations of Islamic law to establish a pure Islamic state that puts people of different races or ethnic groups in one country living peacefully.
• Protected Characteristics


  • Age
  • Gender reassignment
  • Disability
  • Marriage and civil partnership
  • Pregnancy and maternity
  • Race
  • Religion and belief
  • Sex and sexual orientation
• Magna Carta means great charter and was created by the Barons and Signed by King John. King john has been causing many problems in his country punishing people, raising taxes and bulling people who did not agree with/do as he said. The Barons has very little say in how their country was run. The magna carta was a planned to be a way of controlling the King and making sure that the Barons had some say in how their country was run. One of the clauses stated that people had the right to be trialled by a jury of their peers (if they had committed a crime it wouldn't be the king or a judge that decided if they were guilty it would be a group of people on a jury)
• In 1989, world leaders decided that children needed their own special convention. It was agreed that people under 18 often needed special care and protection that adults do not. The result was the United Nations Convention of the Rights of the Child.

  
• The convention encourages world governments to see children as Human beings with distinct and special rights to: Health and care, Protection, Participation in their society, and Education and play

  
• The UDHR is an admirable attempt at a statement of common principles setting a minimum standard for human rights protection. But it lacks the legal force of a treaty and – crucially – does not give individuals the ability to bring legal proceedings when their rights have been violated.
• The ECHR, on the other hand, is enforceable by the European Court of Human Rights. Individuals who claim their rights have been breached can approach the Court for a decision by an authority independent of the state said to have perpetrated the violation.
• How effective are the UDHR and ECHR at protecting human rights?


  • Freedom of expression and democratic rights are restricted in China
  • There is widespread use of the death penalty outside Europe
  • Gay people are discriminated against in Russia
  • In 2014, the Syrian government was found to be causing civilian casualties by using chemical weapons near people's homes
• Jurisdiction


  An area of land where a particular legal system has authority
• Supreme court


  The final court of appeal in the UK for civil cases, and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland but not Scotland. It hears cases that affect the whole population.
• Devolution of Power


  The transfer of some decision-making to local control (local governments making some decisions)
• State


  An organised political community under one government