dmd

• Solid


  Fixed positions

  Vibrate slowly

  Neat lattice

  Low energy
• Liquid


  Vibrate faster

  Can flow

  Disorganised structure

  higher energy than solid
• Gas


  Vibrates fastest

  Floats around/move anywhere

  High energy
• Density


  Density (kg/m3) = mass (kg) / Volume (m3)
• Gas to solid


  Deposition
• Solid to gas


  Sublimation
• Gas to liquid


  Condensation
• Evaporation vs Boiling


  Boiling - changed completely from a liquid to a gas

  Evaporation - below boiling point and some particles can turn from a liquid to gas
• Low Pressure


  Fewer particles

  Fewer collisions

  Not as much force towards the side of container
• High pressure


  More particles

  More collisions

  More force towards side of container
• Low temperature


  Particles have less energy

  Fewer collisions

  Slower movement

  Less force, less pressure
• Hight temperature


  More kinetic energy

  More collisions

  Faster movement

  More force, more pressure
• Test for pure water

  Boils exactly 100 degrees
• Making potable water


  Fresh water (rivers ponds etc)

  Salt water (seas oceans)

  Waste water (sinks toilets sewage)
• Making potable water from fresh water


  1.Filtration - Get rid of particles to remove leaves twigs or any debris

  2.Sterilisation - UV light Cl2 ozone to kill off pathogens that cause any disease
• Potable water from fresh water


  1.filtration - remove any debris

  2.sedimentation - heavy particles fall to the bottom and are removed

  3. Digestion using microbes - aerobic and anaerobic respiration, microbes digest waste organic matter

  4.sterilisation - kill off pathogens
• Finite


  = non - renewable
• pH


  Red - strong acid, battery acid

  Yellow - less strong, lemon juice

  Green - neutral neither acid or alkali

  Light blue - less strong alkali, soap

  Purple - strong alkali, bleach
• Oxygen + Nitrogen earths atmosphere

  Oxygen - 80% 4/5

  Nitrogen 20% 1/5
• Earths is 4.6 billion years old

  .
• Early earths atmosphere


  Volcanos released CO2 H2O and SO2 (sulfur)

  Earth cools down - gases condenses to form oceans

  CO2 dissolves in oceans

  Algae grows in oceans and takes in CO2 to create oxygen from photosynthesis

  Some CO2 went in rocks
• Methane (CH4)


  Cows fart methane

  Waste in landfill - as food and organics rot they produce methane
• Greenhouse gases


  Methane (CH4)

  Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

  Water (H2O)
• Effects Of climate change

  Water stress - floods in low land regions, less fresh water

  Distribution of wildlife species - animal migration patterns change, some organisms have less places to live

  Temperature stress - species dives out because its too hot and cqant change where they live. Coral can die if water is too warm

  Changes food production capacity - Land becomes dry, soil wont be able to grow crops , food prices increase
• Reducing carbon footprint


  Alternative energy - solar panels, wind turbines, burning bio fuels

  Energy conservation and efficiency homes - solar panels + heating, double/triple glazed windows, loft + wall insulation

  Energy efficiency cars - less fuel to go the same distance, electric cars only powered by electricity from alternative fuels
• Carbon Dioxide


  Complete combustion

  Global warming

  Acid rain
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)


  Incomplete combustion

  Reduced -allow enough oxygen to reach fuel (boiler serviced)

  Causes - Highly toxic (suffocates)
• Solid Carbon Particulates (soot)


  Incomplete combustion

  Reduced - allow enough oxygen to reach fuel ( boiler serviced )

  Cause - makes buildings dark/stained, causes breathing problems
• Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)


  Impurities in fuel (especially coal)

  Reduced - burn less coal, catalytic converters, filter impurities from waste gas

  Cause - acid rain
• Oxides of Nitrogen ( NO2) (NO3)


  Very hot engines - N2 from air reacts with O2

  Reduced - catalytic converters on car exhausts

  Cause - acid rain
• Pure substances


  Boil at specific temperatures
• Mixtures


  boil at a range of temperatures
• Formulation


  Mixture that has been designed as a useful product
• Percentage mass


  Ingredient / total x 100
• Chromatography

  Solvent - water

  Substance - dye

  Stationary phase - paper

  Mobile phase - solvent
• Rf value

  distance moved by substance / distance moved by solvent
• Test for hydrogen

  Squeaky pop
• Test for oxygen

  Glowing splint relights
• Test for CO2

  Lime water turns cloudy
• Test for chlorine

  Gas will bleach damp litmus paper white