Tourism Planning Exam 2

• What are the two sides of the tourism system model?

  1. Tourist
  2. Tourism Providers
• Aspects of Tourist in the Tourism System Model:

  • Free time
  • Personal Traits
  • Economic Circumstances
  • Social Content
  • Demographic Qualities
• Aspects of Tourism Providers in the Tourism System Model:

  • Transportation
  • Accommodations
  • Attractions
  • Services
  • info + marketing
• What is demand?


  the amount of food or service purchased in a given period of time at specified prices per unit
• What is supply?


  Attractions and Services
• what are Economic Impacts

  • increasing income
  • increasing money from outside sources
  • more employment
• What are the economic impacts of tourism?

  1. Increased income
  2. increased money from outside the destination
  3. increased employment
• Economic benefits of tourism?

  • creates jobs
  • strengthens local economy
  • contributes to infrastructure
  • conserves natural environment
  • Cultural aspects and traditions
  • reduce poverty and inequality
• Economic costs of tourism?

  • inflated property values
  • leakage
  • seasonal employment
  • poorly paid
  • tourism dependency
  • “life cycle” can be an issue
• Direct employment is:


  lodging, restraints, transportation, generally attractions and sight-seeing.
• Indirect employment is:


  the backround, construction, agriculture, manufacturing. notable for the amount of integration and diversification that occurs .
• What is “Leakage”?


  When money doesn’t stay in a destination
• How can “leakage“ be reduce?


  diversification and small businesses buying from other small businesses
• What are the social & cultural impacts of tourism?

  • strengthen community identity
  • improves quality of life
  • compatible with people’s culture and values
  • Minimize negative impacts
  • locally sensitive, locally-planned, locally invested (and re-invested)
• What is the multiplier affect?

  “Multiplication of expenditures in a community”
• Postive envirmental impacts of tourism?

  • Greater production of natural ecosystems
  • Visitor expenditures can be reinvested into conservation
  • Managers develop carrying capacity guideline’s
  • ”Green Tourism”
• What’s an example of a agency developing carrying capacity guidelines?


  NPS transportation systems, reduced cars, protect resources
• Negative environmental impacts of tourism:

  • Threatens natural resources
  • Increase litter and pollution
  • increased competition for limited resources (water and land)
  • habitat loss
  • pollution
  • transportation pollution
• Ecotourism definition?


  “purposeful travel to natural areas to understand cultural and natural heritage of the area, taking care to not adversely affect the local environment, while contributing to the local economy and local conservation efforts“
• Direct, Indirect, and Induced spending:


  Direct:(Tourism dollars) -> Indirect (wages, employee paid, mortgages) -> Induced (groceries, new house, college, etc)
• Front stage of tourism:

  The tourist experience
• Back stage of tourism:


  what locals experience
• Social benefits of tourism:

  Provides cultural exchange between hosts/guests
• Host/Guest interactions


  Tourist: positive/negative interactions can affect experience

  Local: Development processes/results may be stressful
• Host/Guest interactions flaws:

  • Encounters can be transactional
  • Encounters have spatial and temporal constraints
  • lack of spontaneity
  • often unequal and unbalanced
• Steps of Doxys Irridex (irritation index)

  • Happiness at tourism prospects
  • apathy
  • tourist arrivals increase apathy and irritability
  • disenchantment
• “Cultural Commodification“


  “Where cultural activity becomes a commodity to be sold, in preparing cultural activities to be shared with visitors, modifications are made to make them more appealing to visitors“
• Positive environmental impacts of tourism:

  • protection for natural resources
  • protection for local communities
  • protection for resource areas
  • visitor expenditures
  • community development
  • development of carrying capacity
  • green tourism
• Negative environmental impacts of tourism development:

  • Overtourism
  • Degradation
  • Assimilation/disappearance of cultures
  • Pollution/waste problems
  • Potential exploitation
  • Raising property rates
  • loss of habitat
• What is Carrying Capacity-Defined Planning? 


  “the threshold of visitor use beyond which facilities reach physical saturation, the environment becomes degraded, or visitor enjoyment is diminished“
• When is high carrying capacity a good thing?

  Sports, restraints, games, social events
• What are some ways to manage carrying capacity?

  Planning: zoning, restricting number of visitors, rationing systems
• What is Diversified Economic Base Ecotourism?

  A diversified economic base is a having many sources of income

  ecotourism is “Development that meets the needs of the people without compromising the needs of the future“
• What is Hard tourism?

  High-impact, large, lots of construction or investments, can sometimes be sustainable
• What’s an example of hard tourism?

  Disney land
• What is Soft Tourism?

  Low impact, limited constructions, small scale, individual oriented, small footprint
• Slow tourism


  Alternative to mass tourism (ex. Canal boats)
• What is sustainability?


  The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• What are the sustainable goals of the Brundtland Report?


  Ecological, social/cultural, economic sustainability
• How do you travel responsibly?

  • buy local
  • Respect local culture
  • Save energy
  • Protect heritage
  • Use of public transportation