A&P final

• Brain


  • Precentral gyrus - Primary motor cortex, allows conscious control of precise, voluntary movements
  • Postcentral gyrus - Primary sensory cortex, associated with basic sensations (pain & temp)
• Lobes of the cerebrum


  • Frontal Lobe - thinking, planning, organizing, problem solving, short-term memory, and movement
  • Temporal Lobe - processing auditory information
  • Occipital Lobe - Vision
  • Parietal Lobe - interpreting pain and touch in the body, understanding speech (Wernickers)
• Cerebellum


  • Contains half the neurons, balance and posture, coordinated skeletal muscle movements
• Limbic system


  • Emotions and Memory
• Association areas


  • Olfactory - smell
  • Affective language areas - Prosody of language (patterns of rhythm and sound) - emotional content of speech
  • Broca's area - speaking
  • Wernicke's area - understanding speech
  • Prefrontal cortex - Morals, appropriate behavior, memory, self-awareness, willpower, actions and consequences, and reason
• Cerebral cortex


  • Grey matter - Cell bodies, Outer surface of the brain
  • White matter - Axons
• Corpus callosum


  • Axon tract that connects 2 hemispheres of the brain
• Pineal gland


  • Secretes melatonin
• Brain stem


  • Axons carry info between SPINAL CORD & CEREBRAL CORTEX
• Thalamus


  • Router, Process sensory info from spinal cord relaying it to consciousness, Gateway to the cerebral cortex
• Hypothalamus


  • Visceral control center, Involuntary movements (Heartrate), Controls autonomic nervous system, Secretes regulatory hormones
• Meninges


  • DURA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER, PIA MATER, Contains cerebrospinal fluid, Made by choroid plexus
• Glial cells


  • Oligodendrocytes - Myelin sheath
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal cells
• Blood-brain barrier


  • Allows oxygen to cross
• Spinal cord


  • Two-way communication to and from the brain, Ascending tract - Sensory, Spinothalamic - 3 neurons in this chain, Descending tract - Motor, Corticospinal - 2 neurons in the tract
• Peripheral nervous system


  • Referred pain - Pain is perceived as coming from somewhere it is not, Nociceptors - Pain
• Action potential


  All or none, Loaded gun, Always excitatory, Non-decremental, Propagates or spreads, Non-reversible, Can't be added together, always the same
• Depolarization


  Sodium in
• Repolarization


  Potassium out
• Voltage-gated ion channels


  Voltage-gated calcium channels at end of neuron, Calcium in, neurotransmitter out
• Myelination


  Increases speed of propagation, Schwann cells - Myelin in the Peripheral NERVOUS SYSTEM, Saltatory conduction - Propagation along a myelinated axon, Nodes of Ranvier - Where ion channels are found on myelinated axons
• Local potential


  Graded, Not all or none.. Somewhere in between, Inhibitory or excitatory, Decremental, Reversible, Always added together
• Inhibitory post-synaptic potential


  Away from Threshold
• Excitatory post-synaptic potential


  Moving towards threshold
• Neurotransmitters


  • Acetylcholine (ACh) - Excitatory or inhibitory, Cholinergic receptors - Muscarinic, Nicotinic
  • GABA - Inhibitory receptors
  • Glycine - Inhibitory
  • Glutamate - Excitatory post-synaptic potential
  • Aspartate - Excitatory
• Monoamines


  • Norepinephrine - Blood pressure, Sympathetic NS
  • Epinephrine - Adrenaline, Increase heart rate, Increase blood sugar
  • Dopamine - Feelings of pleasure, motivation, and satisfaction
  • Serotonin - Influencing learning, memory, happiness as well as regulating body temperature, sleep, sexual behavior and hunger
• Monoamines


  • Removed by reuptake and then broken down by monoamine oxidase, Can use MAOI to leave these out, SSRI
• Neuropeptides


  • Endorphins - alleviate pain, lower stress, improve mood, and enhance your sense of well-being
  • Substance P - Pain
  • Endocannabinoid
• Adrenergic receptors


  • Alpha 1 - Excitatory, Cause vasoconstriction
  • Beta 1 - Excitatory, Found on heart to increase heart rate
  • Alpha 2 - Inhibitory, In brain, complicated
  • Beta 2 - Inhibitory, On bronchi - Bronchodilation, On blood vessels to muscle - More blood flow to muscles
  • Beta 3 - Excitatory on fat
• Adrenergic receptors


  All SYMPATHETIC TARGETS HAS ONE OF THESE OPTIONS/ FIGHT OR FLIGHT
• Types of neurons


  • Motor neurons - Synapse at muscle
  • Sensory neurons - Have sensory receptors
  • Interneurons - Synapse with other neurons
• Parasympathetic


  • Vagus N 10 (X) - Regulates activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera
• Cluster of cell bodies


  In CNS - nucleus, In PNS - Ganglion
• Bundle of axons


  In CNS - Tract, In PNS - Nerve
• Proprioceptors


  • Know where our body parts are located
• Cranial nerves


  • Olfactory n - Smell
  • Vestibulocochlear - Hearing and equilibrium
  • Optic - Vision
  • Oculomotor - Raising eyelid, directing eyeball
  • Trochlear - Motor nerve: directs eyeball
  • Trigeminal - General sensation from face areas, chewing
  • Abducens - Proprioceptor impulses from eye to brain
  • Facial - Taste (sensory), Facial expression (motor), Lacrimal and salivary glands (parasympathetic)
  • Glossopharyngeal - Taste, Swallowing
  • Vagus - Taste, Regulates activities of heart, lungs, and abdominal viscera (parasympathetic)
  • Accessory - Innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
  • Hypoglossal - Swallowing and speech
• Pineal gland


  • Releases melatonin
• Spinal reflexes


  • Rapid involuntary response to stimulus, Ion movement is depolarization and repolarization, Associate that with neurotransmitters blocking sodium channels/potassium channels
• Cerebellum


  • Coordinating sensory input and motor output
• the hypothalamus receives information about core temp from thermoreceptors in the skin, blood vessels, and spinal cord