kin part 1

• Sagittal Plane


  • Axis of rotation: frontal, x-axis
  • Common movements: flexion, extension
• Frontal Plane


  • Axis of rotation: sagittal, z-axis
  • Common movements: abduction, adduction
• Transverse Plane


  • Axis of rotation: vertical, y-axis
  • Common movements: internal and external rotation
• Types of bones


  • Long bone
  • Short bone
  • Flat bone
  • Irregular bone
  • Sesamoid bone
• Long bone


  phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, humerus
• Short bone


  carpals and tarsals
• Flat bone


  ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, and scapula
• Irregular bone


  vertebrae, ischium, pubis, maxilla
• Suture


  • Found in cranial bones
• Gomphosis


  • Found in sockets of the teeth
• Synarthrodial (immovable) joints


  • Suture- found in cranial bones
  • Gomphosis- found in sockets of the teeth
• Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable) joints


  • Syndesmosis- held together by strong ligamentous structures that allow minimal movement between the bones
  • Symphysis- separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movements
  • Synchondrosis- separated by hyaline cartilage allowing small movement
• Syndesmosis


  • Coracoclavicular joint
  • Inferior tibiofibular joint
• Symphysis


  • Symphysis pubis
  • Intervertebral disks
• Synchondrosis


  • Costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum
• Diarthrodial (free movable) joints


  Also known as Synovial joints
• Arthrodial (gliding) joint


  • Two flat bony surfaces that butt against each other
  • Limited gliding movement
• Arthrodial (gliding) joint


  • Carpal bones of the wrist
  • Tarsometatarsal joints
• Condyloid (biaxial ball and socket) joint


  • Bones permit movement in two planes without rotation
• Condyloid (biaxial ball and socket) joint


  • Radiocarpal joint in wrist
• Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball and socket) joint


  • Most like the true ball and socket joint
• Enarthrodial (multiaxial ball and socket) joint2


  • Shoulder joint
  • Hip joint
• Ginglymus (hinge) joint


  • Permits a wide range of movement in only one plane
• Ginglymus (hinge) joint 3


  • Elbow
  • Ankle
  • Knee
• Sellar (saddle) joint


  • Found in the thumb at the carpometacarpal joint
  • Permits ball and socket movement, with slight rotation
• Trochoidal (pivot) joint


  • Rotational movement around a long axis
• Trochoidal (pivot) joint


  • Rotation of the radius on the ulna at the proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• Osteokinematic motion


  The motion of the bones relative to the three planes resulting from physiological movements
• Arthrokinematics


  Motion between the articular surfaces of the joint
• Concentric contraction


  Develops active tension as it shortens and occurs when the muscle develops enough force to overcome the applied resistance
• Concentric contraction


  • Causing movement against gravity or resistance
  • Force > Resistance
• Eccentric contraction


  • Muscle lengthening under active tension and occurs when the muscle gradually lessens in tension to control the descent of the resistance
  • Resistance > Force
• Isometric contraction


  Occurs when tension is developed within the muscle but the joint angles remain constant
• Agonist


  Cause joint motion through a plane of motion
• Agonist


  • Primary movers
• Antagonist


  Located on the opposite side of the joint from the agonist and works by relaxing and allowing movement
• Antagonist


  • Perform the joint motion opposite to that of the agonist
• Stabilizers


  Surround the joint or body part and contract to stabilize the area to enable another limb to exert force and move
• Stabilizers


  • Fixators
• Synergist


  Muscles that assist in the action of an agonist but are not prime movers for the action