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• True experiments


  Use random assignment
• Independent groups quasi experimental design


  • Nonequivalent control group design
• Within groups quasi experimental design

  • Interrupted time-series design
• True longitudinal design


  Measuring the same variable at two points in time
• A necessary component of a longitudinal design is measuring the same variable at two points in time
• Researcher interested in making a causal claim


  May not do an experiment due to ethical limitations associated with manipulating a variable
• Directed response items


  Used to address careless responding
• Restriction of range


  When there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables
• Experiment cannot be done for practical or ethical reasons related to manipulating the variable of interest

  A longitudinal correlational design could be done instead
• Double-barreled questions


  Problematic as they may have poor construct validity
• Summative evaluation


  Focuses on whether the program is meeting its goals
• Formative evaluation


  Focuses on how the program can be improved
• Fence sitting


  Prevented in surveys by using scales with an even number of response options
• Faking good


  Also known as socially desirable responding
• Construct validity of a survey question


  Determined by how well it is worded
• Open-ended questions


  Disadvantage is that the answers must be coded
• Observational measures


  • Can be used to make frequency claims
• Reactivity


  Concern that children will behave differently due to the presence of researcher assistants
• Reverse-scored items


  Cognitive speed bumps
• Meta analysis


  Allows researchers to examine the strength of a relationship
• Meta analysis


  • Allows for calculation of effect size across multiple studies
• All federally funded programs must be evaluated using program evaluation techniques
• Focusing on quantitative measures of effectiveness when conducting a program evaluation

  Ignores qualitative data
• Cross-sectional design


  Limitation is that age and year of birth are confounded
• Face to face survey method


  Likely to result in the highest response rate
• r=.3

  Interpreted as medium
• Publication bias


  Significant findings are most likely to be published
• Correlational research


  • Does not manipulate the independent variable
• Impression management


  The dimension of social desirability that researchers are most concerned about
• Observational research


  • Tends to rely on the inductive approach to theory building