Fundamentals

• Three disaccharides

  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
• Sucrose

  Made up of glucose and fructose
• Lactose

  Made up of glucose and galactose
• Maltose

  Made up of glucose and glucose
• Km


  Concentration of [X] at which the velocity is 50% of Vmax
• Small Km value

  Vmax is reached at a low [X]
• Large Km

  Vmax is reached at a high [X]
• During competitive inhibition

  Km increases and Vmax stays the same
• During noncompetitive inhibition

  Km stays the same and Vmax decreases
• In transformation, bacteria takes up DNA floating in the environment. In transduction, bacteria takes up DNA from a virus. In conjugation, is transferred between bacteria using a tube.
• The differences between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes:

  • Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome while eukaryotes have many linear chromosomes
  • Prokaryotes do not have telomeres, but eukaryotes do
  • Eukaryotes have introns and histones. Archaea have introns and histones, but eubacteria do not
  • Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound organelles, but they both have a phospholipid bilayer
  • The cell walls of eubacteria are made of peptidoglycan. The walls of archaea are made of polysaccharides. The walls of plants are made of cellulose. The walls of fungi are made of chitin
• Obligate aerobes: only aerobic respiration

  Obligate anaerobes: only anaerobic respiration

  Facultative anaerobe: prefers aerobic, but capable of anaerobic

  Microaerophile: requires aerobic, but too much is toxic

  Aerotolerant: only anaerobic, but can tolerate oxygen
• The endospore is a structure in some bacteria to preserve its genetic material during extreme stress
• Gram positive bacteria stains purple while gram negative bacteria stains pink
• Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidogylcan wall while gram negative has a thin peptidoglycan wall
• Does gram positive or gram negative bacteria have a second, outer membrane?

  gram negative
• Which bacteria has teichoic acids?

  Gram positive
• Which bacteria has LPS?

  Gram negative
• Hyphae is only found on mold
• Are dinoflagellates eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

  Eukaryotic