Unit 4: 1800-1848

• What major events/topics take place or exist within this time period? Include dates.

  War of 1812

  Market Revolution

  Era of Jackson and Good Feelings

  2nd Great Awakening
• Marbury v. Madison

  Decided that the Supreme Court would act as the final interpreter of the Constitution and therefore had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional
• What were the reasons behind the start of the War of 1812? (2)

  Impressment of American citizens into fighters for Britain

  British providing aid to enemy Indian tribes on western frontier, supporting the restriction of American expansion
• War Hawks

  Influential group eager for war with Britain, even if only to defend national honor
• How did War of 1812 lead to the end of the Federalist party?

  Their dissent toward the war—which essentially ended up being a victory—made it appear as though their values didn't align with the country
• What weaknesses did the War of 1812 reveal? (2)

  A national bank was necessary to raise federal funds

  Weak sources of infrastructure and transportation, making it difficult to move across the expanding land
• Key points of Henry Clay's American System (3)

  Federally funded infrastructure improvements, which would benefit farmers

  Federal tariffs, which would protect manufacturers

  Second Bank of U.S. which would bring a consistent inflow of national currency
• What were the terms of the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

  Missouri slave state, new state of Maine formed to be a free state (maintaining balance)

  Bottom border of Missouri established as the line where any states above were free, and below were slave
• Adams-Onis Treaty

  Sold Spain's Florida territory to the U.S. in 1819 (and defined border between U.S. and Spanish holdings)
• Define the Market Revolution.

  The linking of northern industries w/ farms, done so through advances in agriculture, transportation, and industry; therefore transitioning America from agrarian to capitalist (and further interlocking its economic ties both domestically and internationally).
• What significant innovations contributed to the boost of transportation and efficiency of trade during the Market Revolution? (3)

  Steamboats and canals

  Federally-funded interstate roads

  Railroad
• Name significant industrial/agricultural innovations of the Market Revolution.

  Interchangeable parts (leading to birth of factory system)

  Cotton gin

  Commercial farming of cash crops
• What were societal changes that came about due to the Market Revolution? (4)

  Migration from Irish and German immigrants who were hired for cheap labor and brought their culture with them

  A growth of Nativists who were against an influx of immigration and establishment of outside culture from Catholics and Jews

  Development of middle class due to the expansion of industry and prosperity, promoting temperance and religion

  Cult of Domesticity for women, stating that they were to create a safe haven at home for husband to return to
• Explain differences between Democratic and Whig party.

  Democrats: valued limited federal power, free trade, and local rule; were against corporate monopolies, high tariffs, and the national bank

  Whigs: supported stronger federal power, and the American System; against immigrant crime

  Main debate between the two was over federal power with respect to the aspects of the American System
• What year was Indian Removal Act passed, what did it do, and what major event did it lead to?

  1830; order relocation of all Indian tribes to Oklahoma territory, leading to the Trail of Tears (1831)
• What was the main idea promoted by the 2nd Great Awakening?

  Salvation could be achieved by doing enough good deeds (unlike idea of 1st Great Awakening, which said that it was in the hands of God alone)

  Took less of a philosophical approach, but more emotional (as result of the Romantic period)
• Explain the ideology behind the "positive good" view Southern slaveholders held toward slavery.

  That the relationship between white and black races was beneficial rather than evil, and that in history, the superiority of one race and the labor of the other was necessary for the foundation of a successful economy.
• What were some of the major reform movements which took place within this time period?

  Temperance movement as a result of the 2nd Great Awakening in the effort to achieve salvation and improve personal behavior

  Abolitionist movements led by figures such as William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass, demanding either gradual or immediate emancipation of slavery for the greater good of society

  Women's rights movement to expand the liberties of women, organizing for the first time at the Seneca Falls Convention
• Why did Era of Good Feelings start?

  Fall of the federalists, leaving only Democrat-Republicans to dominate the government
• Panic of 1819

  A result of too many loans being given out over land speculation; mainly hit working class men
• What year was Monroe Doctrine passed?

  1823
• What belief did the Cult of Domesticity promote?

  Women meant to work at home and care for children while men were to earn money for the family outside of the home
• Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations)

  Passed by Jackson, taxing manufactured goods; angered the South because they relied on such goods from the North and all the profit went to them
• Theory of nullification

  Proposed by John C. Calhoun in response to Tariff of 1828, believing states could nullify laws they think unconstitutional
• Indian Removal Act year and conditions

  1830; allowed President Jackson to relocate Indians further west in exchange for their land
• When was Seneca Falls Convention?

  1848
• How were women linked to the temperance and abolitionist movements occurring at the same time?

  Temperance: considered to be responsible for moral guidance of their husbands and thus supported the efforts to ban alcohol

  Abolition: thought to be fighting similar battles for gaining a voice in politics
• Embargo of 1807 and its failure

  Passed by Jefferson in an attempt to prevent British impressment (happening more frequently b/c of their ongoing war with France); only ended up hurting the American economy more than British and French