Shifting Power

• By the end of the 18th century, many maritime and land-based empires would fall apart and give rise to new states.
• Ottoman Empire


  -"Sick Man of Europe" declining in power

  -defensive industrialization efforts failed to recover the empire
• Young Ottomans


  -western educated

  -called for political reforms

  -led to the creation of the parliament and constitution

  -short-lived as Authoritarianism was revived under threat
• Young Turks


  -called for Ottoman modernization

  -create an empire within the Turks (nationalism)

  -alienated other minorities, especially the Arabs

  -furthered fractured the empire with their own nationalism
• Ottoman reforms

  1. Secularization of schools and law codes
  2. Establishment of political elections
  3. imposition of the Turkish Language
• 1905 internal revolution


  400k workers refused to work and protested for labor reforms, thousands of workers were killed, inquired, or exiled
• Russia was falling behind most of Europe, the US, and Japan in both wealth and power due to slow internal growth and weak military (external).
• Bolshevik Revolution 1917


  World War I and the continued difficulties of industrialization led to a revolution led by Vladimir Lenin who was the leader of the Bolsheviks (working class). Victory and marked the birth of the Soviet Union and communism.
• Communism


  -believed workers should own the means production

  -collective ownership
• Collapse of Qing China (External)

  1. Taping Rebellion (costed millions of lives)
  2. Loss of both Opium Wars
  3. Loss of Sino-Japanese War (industrialized Japan)
• Qing China (internal) challenges


  -Ethnic Tensions between Hans and Manchus

  -Famine

  -Low Taxes
• Sun Yat-Sen


  led a revolutionary movement to overthrow the Qing. His government was short-lived and replaced by a communist state under Mao Zedong.
• The Mexican Revolution Causes


  -Dictator Porfirio Diaz's policies accommodated foreign powers

  -unequal land distributions

  -economic imbalances

  -Jailing Francisco Madero (opposing candidate)
• Mexico adopted a new constitution after the revolution, which redistributed land, granted universal suffrage and public education. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was formed
• The Three People's Principles 


  Democracy- country should be ruled by "able" experts

  Nationalism- patriotism and loyalty

  Livelihood- end unequal distribution of wealth