READING AND WRITING

• Hypertext


  A non-linear way to present information and is usually using "links"
• Links in hypertext


  • Help the reader to navigate further information about the topic being asked
• World Wide Web (www)


  A global hypertext system of information residing on servers linked across the internet
• Uniform Resources Locator (URL)


  A web address, a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it
• URL example


  • http://www.example.com/index.html
• Intertext


  A method of text development that enables the author to make another text based on another text
• Intertext


  • It happens when some properties of an original text are incorporated in the text that is created by another author
• Methods of Intertext


  • Retelling
  • Quotation
  • Allusion
  • Pastiche
• Retelling


  It is the restatement of a story or re-expression of a narrative
• Quotation


  It is the method of directly lifting the exact statements or set of words from a text another author had made
• Allusion


  In this method, a writer or speaker explicitly or implicitly pertains to an idea or passage found in another text without the use of quotation
• Pastiche


  It is a text developed in a way that it copies the style or other properties of another text without making fun or it unlike in a parody
• Critical Reading


  Engage in analytical activity which involves the reader by asking questions about the text and the author's claim
• Reasoning


  • Act of giving statements for justification and explanation
  • Ability of someone to defend something by giving out reason
• Steps in Critical Reading as Reasoning

  1. Identifying Assertions

  2. Formulating Counterclaims

  3. Determining Evidence
• Assertion


  Declarative sentences that give one's belief about something else as if it is true though it may not be. It is expressed as an argument.
• Types of Assertion

  • Fact
  • Convention
  • Opinion
  • Preference
• Fact


  A statement that can be proven objectively by direct experience, testimonies of witnesses, verified observations, or the results of research
• Convention


  A way in which something is done similar to traditions and norms. Its truthfulness can be verified only by reference to historical precedents, laws, rules, usage, and customs
• Opinion


  A statement based on facts but is difficult to objectively verify because of the uncertainty of producing satisfactory proofs of soundness. Opinions result from ambiguities; the more ambiguous a statement, the more difficult it is to verify. Thus, they are open to disputes
• Preference


  States a personal choice in which the writer is under no obligation to support or prove the truthfulness of the statement. They are subjective and cannot be objectively proven or logically attacked
• Evaluative Statement


  A statement that states one's sound judgment about something through writing which is supported by reasons and evidences
• Formulating an Evaluative Statement


  Read the entire text carefully and critically to understand and to check for possible fallacies in the argument presented by the writer
• Pointers for Formulating an Evaluative Statement


  • Begin with the positives before you point out the negatives
  • Suggest a solution/s or suggestion on how to improve the written materials
  • Keep your feedback concise and precise
  • Be careful in giving your feedback
• Counterclaims


  Claims made to rebut a previous claim. To rebut means to contradict someone's statement through a formal argument. They provide a contrasting perspective to the main argument
• Formulating Counterclaims


  Address the opposite side of the argument and provide a rebuttal
• Pointers for Formulating Counterclaims


  • Show competence and familiarity with the writer's topic
  • Examine different perspectives and not just passively accepting the writer's claim
  • Consider the topic, and make sure you are willing to engage different viewpoints from your own
  • Clarify your personal position on the topic
• Types of Counterclaims

  • Claims
  • Counterclaims
  • Reasons
  • Evidence
• Claims


  A statement that asserts facts based on one's understanding about a particular topic or issue
• Counterclaims


  The opposite of a claim. It is a statement that contradicts one's claim and is usually proven and supported by both reasons and evidences
• Reasons


  The part of an argument where a statement offers an explanation behind a party's claim
• Evidence


  Statements that prove the truth of a claim and generally lead to the conclusion of an argument